{ "objects": [{ "Title": "Bamana Ci Wara-Style Antelope Headdress", "preferred_term": "Ci Wara-style headdress", "legacy_title": "Ci Wara Headdress", "Date": "late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "late 19th–early 20th century", "period_dynasty": "late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This Bamana-style Ci Wara headdress presents an abstracted antelope with sweeping horns, an arched openwork body, and a refined linear silhouette. Associated with Bamana agricultural masquerades in Mali, Ci Wara headdresses honor cultivation, discipline, and the mythic being credited with teaching farming. This example entered the Jackson State University collection through the 1949 donation of Lawrence Jones, inaugural chair of the Department of Art.", "Geographic location": "Mali, Bamana region", "Source": "JSU Permanent Collection", "Identifier": "LJ-1949-01", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "Transcript": "Bamana Ci Wara Headdress. Mali. Carved wood. Late 19th to early 20th century.", "culture_community": "Bamana-style, attribution probable", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Bamana peoples, probable", "place_of_creation": "Mali, Bamana region, probable", "place_of_use": "Mali, Bamana region, probable", "materials": "Carved wood, possible pigment or surface patina", "technique": "Carved, openwork, incised, patinated", "object_type": "Ceremonial headdress / masquerade object / Ci Wara-style crest", "function_use": "By comparison, associated with agricultural masquerade and Ci Wara performance traditions; exact use not documented", "acquisition_context": "Collected for educational, research, and exhibition purposes within the Department of Art at Jackson State University.", "attribution_confidence": "Moderate to high: visual form and existing metadata support Bamana Ci Wara identification; exact workshop, pair, and performance history are undocumented.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: keep performance details general unless provenance confirms the object’s local context.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll001" }, { "Title": "Teke Power Figure (Buti/Biteki Type)", "preferred_term": "Teke buti/biteki-style power figure", "legacy_title": "Untitled object 2", "Date": "late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "late 19th–early 20th century", "period_dynasty": "late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This Teke-style power figure is carved from wood and centers on a prominent abdominal charge, a focal point that gives the figure its visual and spiritual emphasis. Figures of this type, often called buti or biteki, were activated through materials, specialist knowledge, and social use. Its compact scale, frontal stance, and concentrated bundle create an image of contained force.", "Geographic location": "Congo Basin / Pool Malebo region, Republic of the Congo or Democratic Republic of the Congo", "Source": "JSu Permanent Collection", "Identifier": "JA-2021-01", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Teke-style, attribution probable", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Teke peoples, probable", "place_of_creation": "Central Africa, Congo Basin / Pool Malebo region, Republic of the Congo or Democratic Republic of the Congo, possible", "place_of_use": "Central Africa, Congo Basin / Pool Malebo region, Republic of the Congo or Democratic Republic of the Congo, possible", "materials": "Carved wood with organic or accumulative ritual materials, possible clay, resin, pigment, and fiber", "technique": "Carved, charge bundle applied, assembled, patinated", "object_type": "Power figure / buti or biteki-type figure", "function_use": "Possibly protective, healing, divinatory, or personally significant object; exact use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Moderate: attribution is based on visual comparison with Teke buti/biteki power figures; no object-specific provenance record located.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: potentially culturally or spiritually sensitive object; avoid identifying contents or owner without object-specific documentation or provenance.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll002" }, { "Title": "Tabwa-Style Face Mask", "preferred_term": "Tabwa-style face mask", "Date": "late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "late 19th–early 20th century", "period_dynasty": "late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This carved wooden face mask has a rounded, helmet-like form with geometric facial divisions, narrow eyes, a small mouth, and a smooth dark surface. The balanced abstraction and segmented planes relate it to Tabwa and neighboring Central African masking traditions. The mask’s quiet symmetry gives the face a composed, reserved presence.", "Geographic location": "Democratic Republic of the Congo", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2006-01", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Tabwa-style, attribution uncertain", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Tabwa peoples, possible", "place_of_creation": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, possible", "place_of_use": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, possible", "materials": "Carved wood, surface patina, possible pigment", "technique": "Carved, smoothed, patinated", "object_type": "Face mask / masquerade mask", "function_use": "Possibly masquerade, initiation, or social performance; exact use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Moderate: existing title and visual form support Tabwa attribution, but object-specific documentation is limited.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: keep mask type and performance context qualified.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll003" }, { "Title": "Buffalo-Form Slit Drum", "preferred_term": "buffalo-form slit drum", "Date": "late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "late 19th–early 20th century", "period_dynasty": "late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This wooden slit drum is carved in the form of a buffalo, with a hollowed body, narrow sounding slit, four legs, horns, tail, and animal head. Animal-form slit drums translate sculpture into sound, joining visual representation with communication and performance. The buffalo form emphasizes strength, mass, and alert movement. This work is possibly attributable to the Tabwa.", "Geographic location": "Democratic Republic of the Congo", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2006-03", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Central African peoples, possibly Tabwa or Lobala-related, attribution uncertain", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Tabwa, Lobala, or related Congolese peoples, possible", "place_of_creation": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, possible", "place_of_use": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, possible", "materials": "Carved wood, surface patina", "technique": "Carved from wood, hollowed slit-drum construction, patinated", "object_type": "Slit drum / zoomorphic drum / buffalo-form drum", "function_use": "Possibly communication, prestige, ceremonial, or ritual sound instrument; exact use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Moderate for buffalo-form slit drum; low to moderate for Tabwa attribution because comparable drums occur in multiple Central African traditions.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: avoid presenting Tabwa attribution as confirmed without object-specific documentation or provenance.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll004" }, { "Title": "Tabwa-Style Buffalo Mask", "preferred_term": "buffalo mask", "Date": "late 19th century", "Coverage (time period)": "late 19th century", "period_dynasty": "late 19th century", "Description": "This zoomorphic wooden mask represents a buffalo with long curving horns, a broad muzzle, and metal tack decoration across the surface. In Central African visual traditions, buffalo imagery often evokes force, endurance, and authority. The mask’s powerful profile and textured surface create a commanding public presence.", "Geographic location": "Democratic Republic of the Congo", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2006-02", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Tabwa-style, attribution uncertain", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Tabwa peoples, possible", "place_of_creation": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, possible", "place_of_use": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, possible", "materials": "Carved wood, metal tacks or studs, surface patina", "technique": "Carved, studded, patinated", "object_type": "Buffalo mask / zoomorphic mask", "function_use": "Possibly masquerade, authority, protective, or prestige object; exact use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Moderate: title, form, and existing metadata support Tabwa-style attribution; specific context remains uncertain.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: keep symbolic interpretation broad without object-specific documentation.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll005" }, { "Title": "Songye Kifwebe-Style Mask with Raffia and Feathers", "preferred_term": "Kifwebe-style mask", "legacy_title": "Untitled object 6", "Date": "late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "late 19th–early 20th century", "period_dynasty": "late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This Songye-style kifwebe mask is carved with an elongated striated face, projecting mouth, plant-fiber beard, and feather elements. Kifwebe masks are associated with Songye and northern Luba masquerade traditions in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The rhythmic grooves and projecting facial forms create a sense of disciplined movement and authority.", "Geographic location": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, Songye region", "Source": "JSU Permanent Collection", "Identifier": "JA-2006-05", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Songye-style, attribution probable", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Songye peoples, probable", "place_of_creation": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, Songye region, central/eastern Congo Basin, probable", "place_of_use": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, Songye region, central/eastern Congo Basin, probable", "materials": "Carved wood, pigment, plant fiber or raffia, feathers, possible fiber binding", "technique": "Carved, striated/incised, pigment-applied, fiber and feather attachment", "object_type": "Face mask / kifwebe-style mask", "function_use": "By comparison, associated with kifwebe masquerade performance; exact use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Moderate to high: image and existing metadata correspond closely to Songye kifwebe mask features; male identification is probable but not independently confirmed.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: keep performance and gender classification qualified without object-specific documentation or provenance.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll006" }, { "Title": "Bembe Ibulu Iya-Style Janus Mask", "preferred_term": "Janus mask", "Date": "late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "late 19th–early 20th century", "period_dynasty": "late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This double-faced, or Janus, mask presents two faces joined in a single rounded form, with large circular eye surrounds, red and white pigment, and plant-fiber attachments. The two-sided construction suggests watchfulness, transformation, and the capacity to address multiple directions at once. Its bold color contrasts heighten the mask’s dramatic presence.", "Geographic location": "Democratic Republic of the Congo", "Source": "JSU Permanent Collection", "Identifier": "JA-2006-06", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Bembe-style, attribution uncertain", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Bembe peoples, possible", "place_of_creation": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, possible", "place_of_use": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, possible", "materials": "Carved wood, plant fiber or raffia, pigment, surface patina", "technique": "Carved, pigment-applied, fiber attachment, double-faced construction", "object_type": "Janus mask / double-faced mask", "function_use": "Possibly initiation, healing, social transition, or masquerade context; exact use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Moderate: existing Bembe title and Janus form support attribution, but documentation is incomplete.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: keep named type and ceremonial or spiritual function tentative without stronger source evidence.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll007" }, { "Title": "Luba Lukasa Memory Board", "preferred_term": "lukasa memory board", "legacy_title": "Untitled object 8", "Date": "late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "late 19th–early 20th century", "period_dynasty": "late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This Luba lukasa memory board is carved from wood with raised and incised mnemonic designs and a small seated figure. Lukasa boards were used by initiated members of the Mbudye association as tactile and visual prompts for histories, political knowledge, genealogy, and moral instruction. The object’s patterned surface turns memory into a sculptural field.", "Geographic location": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, Luba region", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2006-10", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Luba peoples, attribution high", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Luba peoples", "place_of_creation": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, Luba region, southeastern/central Congo Basin", "place_of_use": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, Luba region, southeastern/central Congo Basin", "materials": "Carved wood, possible pigment or surface patina", "technique": "Carved, incised, raised mnemonic design, patinated", "object_type": "Memory board / lukasa", "function_use": "By comparison, mnemonic object associated with Mbudye historical knowledge and instruction; object-specific meaning not documented", "attribution_confidence": "High for Luba lukasa identification based on image and close museum records; specific encoded meaning and local history are undocumented.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: avoid interpreting the board’s encoded content without expert/provenance evidence.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll008" }, { "Title": "Baule Female Spirit Spouse Figure (Blolo Bla Style)", "preferred_term": "female spirit spouse figure", "legacy_title": "Untitled object 9", "Date": "late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "late 19th–early 20th century", "period_dynasty": "late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This Baule-style standing female figure is identified as a blolo bla, or female spirit-spouse figure. Its upright stance, idealized body, and composed expression suggest an image made for intimate reflection rather than public display. In Baule thought, such figures could embody an otherworldly partner and serve as a point of personal devotion.", "Geographic location": "Côte d’Ivoire, Baule region", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2006-11", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Baule-style, attribution probable", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Baule peoples, probable", "place_of_creation": "Cote d’Ivoire, Baule region, probable", "place_of_use": "Cote d’Ivoire, Baule region, probable", "materials": "Carved wood, possible pigment or polished surface patina", "technique": "Carved, smoothed, patinated", "object_type": "Female figure / spirit spouse figure (blolo bla style)", "function_use": "By comparison, personal spirit-spouse figure; individual owner and use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Moderate to high: existing metadata and image are consistent with Baule blolo bla figures; individual owner, shrine use, and exact local context are undocumented.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: avoid claiming a specific owner, shrine practice, or personal history without object-specific documentation or provenance.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll009" }, { "Title": "Songye Kifwebe-Style Mask with Fiber Beard", "preferred_term": "Kifwebe-style mask", "Date": "late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "late 19th–early 20th century", "period_dynasty": "late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This Songye-style kifwebe mask features a tall central crest, narrow eye slits, an elongated striated face, projecting mouth, and plant-fiber beard or costume remnants. The strong linear carving creates a dynamic surface that would have been intensified by movement. Its form belongs to the visual language of kifwebe masquerade in southeastern Central Africa.", "Geographic location": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, Songye region", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2006-15", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Songye-style, attribution probable", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Songye peoples, probable", "place_of_creation": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, Songye region, probable", "place_of_use": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, Songye region, probable", "materials": "Carved wood, plant fiber or raffia, pigment, surface patina", "technique": "Carved, incised/striated, pigment-applied, fiber attachment", "object_type": "Face mask / Kifwebe-style mask", "function_use": "By comparison, associated with kifwebe masquerade performance and social/spiritual authority; exact use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Moderate to high: title and visual form support Songye Kifwebe identification; exact subgroup/context not confirmed.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: keep gender classification and performance details qualified without object-specific documentation or provenance.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll010" }, { "Title": "Banda or Kumbaruba-Style Headdress", "preferred_term": "Banda or Kumbaruba-style headdress", "legacy_title": "Untitled object 11", "Date": "late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "late 19th–early 20th century", "period_dynasty": "late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This large horizontal banda, or kumbaruba-style, headdress combines human and animal features into a single dramatic form. Associated with the coastal Guinea region, such headdresses often unite facial imagery, elaborate coiffure, and animal references to create a powerful composite being. The long horizontal format gives the object an expansive, processional quality.", "Geographic location": "Guinea, coastal Guinea region", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2005-01", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Baga/Nalu/Landuma coastal Guinea region, attribution uncertain", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Baga peoples, Nalu peoples, Landuma peoples, or related peoples, possible", "place_of_creation": "Guinea, coastal Guinea region, possible", "place_of_use": "Guinea, coastal Guinea region, possible", "materials": "Carved wood, pigment, plant fiber or raffia, possible surface patina", "technique": "Carved, openwork, pigment-applied, fiber attachment", "object_type": "Headdress / masquerade headdress / banda or kumbaruba type", "function_use": "By comparison, associated with masquerade performance; exact group and use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Moderate: image is consistent with banda/kumbaruba headdresses from coastal Guinea; exact Baga, Nalu, Landuma, or neighboring attribution is uncertain.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: use regional “Banda/Kumbaruba-style” language unless provenance confirms the specific people and performance context.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll011" }, { "Title": "Songye Kifwebe-Style Mask", "preferred_term": "Kifwebe-style mask", "Date": "20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "20th century", "period_dynasty": "20th century", "Description": "This Songye-style kifwebe mask has a high sagittal crest, angular eyes, projecting features, and deep linear incisions filled with white pigment. The crest and striated face create a forceful vertical emphasis. Kifwebe masks are associated with Songye and Luba-related masquerade traditions in southeastern Democratic Republic of the Congo.", "Geographic location": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, Songye region", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2006-16", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Songye-style, attribution probable", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Songye peoples, probable", "place_of_creation": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, Songye region, probable", "place_of_use": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, Songye region, probable", "materials": "Carved wood, pigment, surface patina", "technique": "Carved, deeply incised/striated, pigment-applied", "object_type": "Face mask / Kifwebe-style mask", "function_use": "By comparison, associated with kifwebe masquerade performance and social/spiritual authority; exact use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Moderate to high: title and visual form support Songye Kifwebe identification; exact subgroup/context not confirmed.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: keep male and performance details qualified without object-specific documentation or provenance.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll012" }, { "Title": "Mbete-Kota Style Reliquary Figure", "preferred_term": "reliquary figure", "legacy_title": "Mbete Reliquary Figure", "Description": "This standing reliquary figure relates to Mbete or Kota-Mbete sculptural traditions of Gabon and the Republic of the Congo. Its upright body and ancestor-focused form reflect regional practices in which carved figures could accompany reliquary traditions and ancestral remembrance. The figure’s frontal stance gives it a concentrated, guardian-like presence.", "Geographic location": "Gabon or Republic of the Congo, Mbete/Kota region", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2011-09", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Mbete or Kota-Mbete style, attribution probable", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Mbete peoples / Kota peoples, Mbete group, possible", "place_of_creation": "Gabon or Republic of the Congo, Mbete/Kota border region, possible", "place_of_use": "Gabon or Republic of the Congo, possible", "materials": "Carved wood, possible pigment, metal, or shell attachments if present", "technique": "Carved, patinated; possible assembled or inserted materials", "object_type": "Reliquary figure / ancestor-reliquary sculpture", "function_use": "By comparison, associated with reliquary or ancestor-related contexts; exact use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Moderate: existing title and comparative museum records support a Mbete/Kota-Mbete reliquary attribution, but object-specific provenance is not confirmed.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: possible ancestral-reliquary association; avoid claiming direct ceremonial/spiritual use without object-specific documentation or provenance.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll013" }, { "Title": "Tetela- or Central Congolese-Style Face Mask", "preferred_term": "Central Congolese face mask", "legacy_title": "Untitled object 14", "Date": "20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "20th century", "period_dynasty": "20th century", "Description": "This carved wooden face mask has an elongated oval face, large pierced eye openings, linear facial markings, small projecting ears, and an open mouth with carved teeth. The strong vertical proportions and marked surface create an alert, expressive face. Its form relates to central Congolese masking traditions.", "Geographic location": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, central Congo region, Sankuru/Maniema area", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2011-01", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Tetela or related Central Congolese group, attribution uncertain", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Tetela peoples or related peoples, possible", "place_of_creation": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, central Congo region, possibly Sankuru/Maniema area", "place_of_use": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, central Congo region, possibly Sankuru/Maniema area", "materials": "Carved wood, possible pigment or surface patina", "technique": "Carved, incised, pierced, patinated", "object_type": "Face mask / masquerade mask", "function_use": "Possibly masquerade, initiation, or social performance; exact use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Low to moderate: visual features and older metadata support a central Congolese/Tetela-related attribution, but published mask comparanda are limited.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: keep Tetela attribution tentative without stronger documentary support.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll014" }, { "Title": "Hemba- or Luba-Hemba-Style Male Ancestor Figure", "preferred_term": "male ancestor figure", "legacy_title": "Untitled object 15", "Date": "20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "20th century", "period_dynasty": "20th century", "Description": "This standing male figure is carved with elongated proportions, a calm face, closed almond-shaped eyes, patterned beard or jawline band, hands resting at the abdomen, and pronounced genitalia. The posture and restrained expression relate to Hemba and Luba-Hemba ancestor figure traditions. Its composed stance suggests dignity, continuity, and lineage memory.", "Geographic location": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, eastern/central Congo region", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2011-02", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Hemba or Luba-Hemba-style, attribution probable", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Hemba peoples or Luba-Hemba peoples, probable", "place_of_creation": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, eastern/central Congo region, probable", "place_of_use": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, eastern/central Congo region, probable", "materials": "Carved wood, possible pigment, oil, or polished surface patina", "technique": "Carved, smoothed, patinated", "object_type": "Male ancestor figure / standing figure", "function_use": "By comparison, possibly commemorative ancestor or lineage figure; exact identity and use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Moderate: public image and existing metadata align with Hemba/Luba-Hemba male ancestor figures, but exact attribution and lineage context are not confirmed.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: avoid identifying a specific ancestor or lineage without object-specific documentation or provenance.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll015" }, { "Title": "Curved Horn or Implement with Anthropomorphic Head", "preferred_term": "curved horn or figural implement", "legacy_title": "Untitled object 16", "Date": "20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "20th century", "period_dynasty": "20th century", "Description": "This composite object joins a curved horn with a carved anthropomorphic wooden head and collar-like attachment. The pairing of organic form and human imagery gives the object a concentrated ritual or prestige presence. Its small figural finial transforms the horn into a sculptural implement.", "Geographic location": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, eastern Congo region", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2011-03", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Lega or related eastern Central African peoples, attribution uncertain", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Lega or related peoples, possible", "place_of_creation": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, eastern Congo region, possible", "place_of_use": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, eastern Congo region, possible", "materials": "Animal horn, carved wood, possible pigment, fiber, or binding material", "technique": "Carved, fitted/assembled, possible binding", "object_type": "Curved horn or implement with anthropomorphic finial", "function_use": "Possibly prestige, ceremonial, spiritual, therapeutic, or association object; exact use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Low to moderate: Lega or related eastern Congolese attribution is plausible, but object type and named category are uncertain.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: avoid identifying contents or ceremonial/spiritual role without object-specific evidence.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll016" }, { "Title": "Bembe Emangungu/Eluba-Style Initiation Mask", "preferred_term": "emangungu-style initiation mask", "legacy_title": "Bembe Mask", "Date": "20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "20th century", "period_dynasty": "20th century", "Description": "This narrow plank-form mask has broad heart-shaped eye fields, small pierced eye openings, a long central lizard carved over the nose, an open mouth, punctate surface details, and traces of dark and reddish-brown pigment. The elongated format gives the face a striking graphic presence. Its form relates to Bembe emangungu or eluba masks associated with initiation contexts.", "Geographic location": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, South Kivu Province", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2011-04 Bembe", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Bembe-style, attribution probable", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Bembe peoples, probable", "place_of_creation": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, probably South Kivu Province", "place_of_use": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, probably South Kivu Province", "materials": "Carved wood, pigment, surface patina", "technique": "Carved, pierced, incised/punctate decoration, pigment-applied", "object_type": "Face mask / initiation mask", "function_use": "By comparison, associated with butende or eluba initiation contexts; exact use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Moderate: legacy identifier and visual comparison support Bembe emangungu/eluba attribution; no direct collection-specific source located.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: possible initiation object; keep ceremonial/spiritual details limited to public-source comparisons.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll017" }, { "Title": "Songye-Style Horned Nkishi Power Figure", "preferred_term": "horned nkishi-style power figure", "legacy_title": "Long Horn Bird Sculpture", "Date": "20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "20th century", "period_dynasty": "20th century", "Description": "This standing anthropomorphic power figure is carved with an elongated torso, bent legs, projecting abdomen, small head, light surface pigment, and a dark horn rising from the crown. The horn draws the eye upward and signals the addition of charged materials. The figure’s concentrated body and assertive silhouette relate to Songye nkisi or nkishi traditions.", "Geographic location": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, Songye region", "Source": "JSU Permanent Collection", "Identifier": "JA-2011-05", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Songye-style, attribution probable", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Songye peoples, probable", "place_of_creation": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, Songye region, probable", "place_of_use": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, Songye region, probable", "materials": "Carved wood, animal horn, pigment or ritual surface accretions", "technique": "Carved, horn insertion, pigment/accretion, patinated", "object_type": "Power figure / nkishi or nkisi-style ritual figure", "function_use": "Possibly protective, healing, divinatory, or communal spiritually significant object; exact use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Moderate to high: image strongly matches Songye horned nkishi/nkisi power figures, but attribution is visual and contents are undocumented.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: potentially culturally or spiritually sensitive object; avoid identifying contents or ceremonial/spiritual role beyond visible evidence and documented comparanda.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll018" }, { "Title": "Bird-Form Figure with Long Beak", "preferred_term": "bird-form figure", "Date": "20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "20th century", "period_dynasty": "20th century", "Description": "This carved zoomorphic figure represents a bird with a long downward beak, compact body, reduced limbs, and an inlaid shell eye. The simplified form emphasizes the curve of the beak and the alert point of the eye. Bird imagery appears across several eastern and central Congolese traditions, where animal forms often carry layered social and symbolic meaning.", "Geographic location": "Democratic Republic of the Congo", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2011-07", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Eastern Congolese peoples, possibly Lega or Bembe-related, attribution uncertain", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Lega, Bembe, or related peoples, possible", "place_of_creation": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, possible", "place_of_use": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, possible", "materials": "Carved wood, shell or shell-like eye inlay, surface patina", "technique": "Carved, inlaid, patinated", "object_type": "Bird-form figure / zoomorphic sculpture", "function_use": "Possibly symbolic, ceremonial, prestige, or teaching object; exact use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Low: object is clearly bird-form, but Lega/Bembe attribution is broad and lacks a close named public match.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: keep attribution broad and descriptive until stronger comparanda are available.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll019" }, { "Title": "Kongo- or Yombe-Style Figural Relief Plaque", "preferred_term": "figural relief plaque", "Date": "20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "20th century", "period_dynasty": "20th century", "Description": "This carved wooden plaque presents a human face in relief against a flat trapezoidal backing with suspension holes. The face has half-closed eyes, a prominent nose, and a pursed mouth, giving the plaque a quiet, watchful quality. Its format suggests a hanging relief ornament connected to Kongo or Yombe-related visual traditions.", "Geographic location": "Democratic Republic of the Congo or Republic of the Congo", "Source": "JSU Permanent Collection", "Identifier": "JA-2011-06", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Kongo or Yombe-style, attribution uncertain", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Kongo peoples or Yombe peoples, possible", "place_of_creation": "Democratic Republic of the Congo or Republic of the Congo, possible", "place_of_use": "Democratic Republic of the Congo or Republic of the Congo, possible", "materials": "Carved wood, surface patina", "technique": "Carved relief, pierced/suspension holes, patinated", "object_type": "Figural ornament / relief plaque", "function_use": "Possibly hanging ornament, architectural element, prestige object, or ritual plaque; exact use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Low to moderate: Kongo/Yombe attribution is plausible from regional style, but remains visual-comparative.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: avoid assigning ceremonial/spiritual function without supporting evidence.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll020" }, { "Title": "Kuba-Style Prestige Belt with Beads and Cowries", "preferred_term": "prestige belt", "legacy_title": "Untitled object 21", "Date": "20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "20th century", "period_dynasty": "20th century", "Description": "This Kuba-style prestige belt is made from a fiber backing densely decorated with glass beads and rows of cowrie shells in red, black, and white geometric patterns. Cowries and beads were valued materials in Kuba courtly and prestige arts. The repeated motifs and rich surface announce status through both pattern and material abundance.", "Geographic location": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kasai region", "Source": "JSU Permanent Collection", "Identifier": "JA-2011-08", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Kuba-style or closely related Kasai-region group, attribution probable", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Kuba peoples or related Kasai-region peoples, probable", "place_of_creation": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kasai region, probable", "place_of_use": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kasai region, probable", "materials": "Raffia or other plant fiber, glass beads, cowrie shells, leather, thread", "technique": "Woven or fiber-backed, beadwork, cowrie shell attachment, stitched", "object_type": "Prestige belt / beaded belt / body adornment", "function_use": "Prestige regalia or body adornment; exact status, gendered use, and local term not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Moderate to high: materials and form closely match published Kuba prestige belts; exact local term, subgroup, and use are not confirmed.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: avoid identifying a royal owner or precise status use without object-specific documentation or provenance.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll021" }, { "Title": "Luba- or Hemba-Style Figural Personal Ritual Object", "preferred_term": "figural ceremonial or spiritually significant object", "Date": "20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "20th century", "period_dynasty": "20th century", "Description": "This small ceremonial object combines a simplified human figure finial, a spirally carved cylindrical shaft, and a tapered pointed terminal. Its compact scale suggests an object designed to be held, carried, inserted, or used as a personal implement. The combination of figure and patterned shaft gives the object a refined sculptural presence.", "Geographic location": "Democratic Republic of the Congo", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2011-10", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Luba or Hemba-style, attribution uncertain", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Luba peoples or Hemba peoples, possible", "place_of_creation": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, possible", "place_of_use": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, possible", "materials": "Carved wood, surface patina", "technique": "Carved, incised spiral shaft, patinated", "object_type": "Small personal ceremonial or spiritually significant object / figural implement", "function_use": "Possibly personal, ceremonial, prestige, or inserted implement; exact use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Low to moderate: Luba/Hemba attribution is plausible but object type and function are not securely documented.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: avoid naming a specific ritual category without additional evidence.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll022" }, { "Title": "Hemba-Style Kneeling Female Ancestor Figure", "preferred_term": "kneeling female figure", "Date": "20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "20th century", "period_dynasty": "20th century", "Description": "This small kneeling female figure has a large rounded head, closed eyes, elongated neck, pronounced navel, compact body, and polished surface. The raised hands and composed face create a pose of attention or inward focus. Its proportions relate to Hemba and neighboring eastern Congolese figural traditions.", "Geographic location": "Democratic Republic of the Congo", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2011-11", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Hemba-style, attribution uncertain", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Hemba peoples, possible", "place_of_creation": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, possible", "place_of_use": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, possible", "materials": "Carved wood, surface patina", "technique": "Carved, smoothed, patinated", "object_type": "Kneeling female figure / possible ancestor figure", "function_use": "Possibly ancestor, lineage, fertility, or prestige figure; exact use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Moderate: existing title and Hemba-style attribution are plausible, but object-specific support is limited.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: avoid identifying a specific ancestor or lineage context without object-specific documentation or provenance.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll023" }, { "Title": "Bembe-Style Face Mask with Large White Eye Fields", "preferred_term": "Bembe-style face mask", "Date": "20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "20th century", "period_dynasty": "20th century", "Description": "This small face mask has an elongated oval form, large circular white eye fields surrounding dark pierced pupils, a compact mouth opening, and subtle asymmetry. The mask faetures a carved lizard on the right hand side. The intense eye treatment gives the mask a striking, alert expression. Its scale and facial emphasis relate to Bembe masking traditions from the Democratic Republic of the Congo.", "Geographic location": "Democratic Republic of the Congo", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2011-12", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Bembe-style, attribution uncertain", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Bembe peoples, possible", "place_of_creation": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, possible", "place_of_use": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, possible", "materials": "Carved wood, pigment, surface patina", "technique": "Carved, pierced, pigment-applied", "object_type": "Face mask / masquerade mask", "function_use": "Possibly initiation, masquerade, or spirit-related performance; exact use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Moderate: title and visual features support Bembe-style identification, but specific mask type is not confirmed.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: keep initiation or spirit-function language qualified without object-specific documentation.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll024" }, { "Title": "Double-Headed Zoomorphic Figure", "preferred_term": "double-headed zoomorphic figure", "legacy_title": "Double headed animal sculpture", "Date": "20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "20th century", "period_dynasty": "20th century", "Description": "This horizontal zoomorphic object has an elongated central body with simplified animal heads at both ends. Its compact, abstracted form reduces the animal body to a strong linear silhouette. The restrained carving emphasizes balance, repetition, and the sculptural rhythm of paired forms.", "Geographic location": "Democratic Republic of the Congo", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2011-14", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Tabwa or related southeastern Congolese group, attribution uncertain", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Tabwa peoples or related peoples, possible", "place_of_creation": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, possible", "place_of_use": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, possible", "materials": "Carved wood, surface patina", "technique": "Carved, smoothed, patinated", "object_type": "Zoomorphic sculpture / double-headed animal figure", "function_use": "Possibly symbolic, ceremonial, prestige, or decorative object; exact use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Low to moderate: Tabwa or related southeastern Congolese attribution is plausible but uncertain.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: keep cultural and functional attribution broad without stronger evidence.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll025" }, { "Title": "Songye Nkishi-Style Power Figure", "preferred_term": "nkishi-style power figure", "legacy_title": "Untitled object 26", "Date": "20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "20th century", "period_dynasty": "20th century", "Description": "This Songye-style nkisi or nkishi power figure is carved with a faceted mask-like head, metal studs, fiber bindings around the torso, and bifurcated legs. Added materials and bindings focus attention on the figure as an assembled and activated object. Its angular face and compact stance create an image of condensed power.", "Geographic location": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, Songye region", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2011-13", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Songye-style, attribution probable", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Songye peoples, probable", "place_of_creation": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, Songye region, central/eastern Congo Basin, probable", "place_of_use": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, Songye region, central/eastern Congo Basin, probable", "materials": "Carved wood, metal, plant fiber or cord, possible pigment and composite materials", "technique": "Carved, studded, bound, assembled, patinated", "object_type": "Power figure / nkisi or nkishi-style figure", "function_use": "Possibly protective, healing, divinatory, or communally significant object; exact use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "High for Songye power figure type based on visual features and close museum parallels; exact subgroup, contents, and history of use are undocumented.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: potentially culturally or spiritually sensitive object; avoid identifying contents or history of use beyond visible evidence and documented comparanda.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll026" }, { "Title": "Luba-Style Female Bust or Figural Finial", "preferred_term": "female bust or finial", "Date": "20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "20th century", "period_dynasty": "20th century", "Description": "This small figural finial depicts a female bust with a rounded head, half-lidded eyes, facial markings, elongated neck, and a cylindrical torso carved with geometric motifs. The refined face and patterned body relate to Luba-style figural finials and prestige objects. Its compact form suggests that it may once have belonged to a larger object.", "Geographic location": "Democratic Republic of the Congo", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2011-15", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Luba-style, attribution uncertain", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Luba peoples, possible", "place_of_creation": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, possible", "place_of_use": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, possible", "materials": "Carved wood, surface patina", "technique": "Carved, incised, patinated", "object_type": "Female bust / figural finial or fragment", "function_use": "Possibly finial, figure fragment, staff element, or prestige object; exact use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Moderate: existing Luba attribution and figural style are plausible but not object-specifically documented.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: avoid assigning original function without more evidence.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll027" }, { "Title": "Luba-Style Figural Divination Rattle", "preferred_term": "figural divination rattle", "legacy_title": "Untitled object 28", "Date": "20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "20th century", "period_dynasty": "20th century", "Description": "This Luba-style divination rattle is carved with a female figure finial above stacked pierced spherical chambers that likely held sound-producing materials. In Luba visual culture, female imagery is closely associated with memory, authority, and spirit mediation. The object joins sound, handling, and figural sculpture in a single ritual form.", "Geographic location": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, Luba region", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2011-16", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Luba-style, attribution probable", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Luba peoples, probable", "place_of_creation": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, Luba region, probable", "place_of_use": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, Luba region, probable", "materials": "Carved wood, possible seeds, pellets, or internal rattle elements", "technique": "Carved, pierced or hollowed rattle chambers, patinated", "object_type": "Divination rattle / ritual sound instrument", "function_use": "Possibly divination, healing, or ritual consultation sound instrument; exact use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Moderate: existing metadata and form align with Luba divination tools and figural rattles, but specific local name and ceremonial/spiritual context are not confirmed.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: avoid identifying contents or practitioner context beyond visible evidence and documented comparanda.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll028" }, { "Title": "Luba-Style Sculptural Head or Figure Fragment", "preferred_term": "sculptural head", "Date": "20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "20th century", "period_dynasty": "20th century", "Description": "This carved sculptural head has an elongated oval face, gently arched eyelids, defined nose and mouth, linear facial markings, pointed coiffure, and short cylindrical base. The refined modeling and composed expression relate to Luba figural sculpture. Its format suggests a fragment, finial, or independent sculptural head.", "Geographic location": "Democratic Republic of the Congo", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2011-17", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Luba-style, attribution uncertain", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Luba peoples, possible", "place_of_creation": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, possible", "place_of_use": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, possible", "materials": "Carved wood, surface patina", "technique": "Carved, incised, patinated", "object_type": "Sculptural head / figure fragment or finial", "function_use": "Possibly figure fragment, finial, or sculptural object; exact use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Moderate: existing Luba attribution is plausible but not fully documented.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: avoid assigning original object type without additional views or provenance.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll029" }, { "Title": "Lega-Style Bearded Mask with Raffia", "preferred_term": "bearded mask", "Date": "20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "20th century", "period_dynasty": "20th century", "Description": "This carved face mask presents an elongated oval face with downcast almond-shaped eyes, a straight nose, small mouth, light pigment traces, substantial raffia beard, and suspension loop. The beard and pale surface details give the mask both texture and depth. Its restrained expression relates to Lega and Lega-related Central African mask traditions.", "Geographic location": "Democratic Republic of the Congo", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2011-19", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Lega-style or related Central African, attribution uncertain", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Lega peoples or related peoples, possible", "place_of_creation": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, possible", "place_of_use": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, possible", "materials": "Carved wood, pigment, raffia or plant fiber, surface patina", "technique": "Carved, pigment-applied, fiber attachment", "object_type": "Face mask / bearded mask", "function_use": "Possibly association, initiation, or masquerade object; exact use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Moderate: existing Lega attribution and mask form are plausible; specific use remains uncertain.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: keep attribution and function qualified without stronger source evidence.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll030" }, { "Title": "Luba-Style Anthropomorphic Headrest", "preferred_term": "anthropomorphic headrest", "Date": "20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "20th century", "period_dynasty": "20th century", "Description": "This sculpted wooden headrest is formed by two kneeling figures facing one another and supporting a curved horizontal neck rest. The carefully modeled heads, elongated bodies, and balanced composition relate to Luba prestige supports. Such headrests protected elaborate hairstyles while also functioning as sculptural signs of status and refinement.", "Geographic location": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, Luba region", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2011-20", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Luba-style, attribution probable", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Luba peoples, probable", "place_of_creation": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, Luba region, probable", "place_of_use": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, Luba region, probable", "materials": "Carved wood, surface patina", "technique": "Carved, openwork, smoothed, patinated", "object_type": "Headrest / anthropomorphic headrest", "function_use": "Possibly headrest, prestige support, or personal object; exact use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Moderate: existing Luba attribution and headrest form are plausible; owner and use are undocumented.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: avoid inferring owner status or ceremonial/spiritual role without object-specific documentation or provenance.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll031" }, { "Title": "Songye-Style Anthropomorphic Power Figure", "preferred_term": "anthropomorphic power figure", "Date": "20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "20th century", "period_dynasty": "20th century", "Description": "This small freestanding power figure has a compact mask-like head with a short sagittal crest, arched brows, closed eyes, ringed neck, and columnar body carved with diamond and linear motifs. Its geometric surface and frontal stance relate to Songye power-figure traditions. The figure’s small scale concentrates its visual force.", "Geographic location": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, Songye region", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2011-21", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Songye-style, attribution uncertain", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Songye peoples, possible", "place_of_creation": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, Songye region, possible", "place_of_use": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, Songye region, possible", "materials": "Carved wood, surface patina", "technique": "Carved, incised, patinated", "object_type": "Power figure / anthropomorphic ritual figure", "function_use": "Possibly protective, healing, or ritual power figure; exact use and contents not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Moderate: Songye attribution and power-figure form are plausible, but contents and exact function are not documented.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: potentially culturally or spiritually sensitive object; avoid identifying contents beyond visible evidence and documented comparanda.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll032" }, { "Title": "Luba-Style Maternity Figure", "preferred_term": "maternity figure", "Date": "20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "20th century", "period_dynasty": "20th century", "Description": "This small figural group shows a seated adult supporting or nursing a child. Rounded volumes, a textured coiffure or cap, compact limbs, and an integrated base emphasize closeness and care. The subject evokes continuity, nurture, and lineage within a Luba or related Central African sculptural idiom.", "Geographic location": "Democratic Republic of the Congo", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2011-22", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Luba-style, attribution uncertain", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Luba peoples or related Central African peoples, possible", "place_of_creation": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, possible", "place_of_use": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, possible", "materials": "Carved wood, surface patina", "technique": "Carved, patinated", "object_type": "Maternity figure / mother-and-child sculpture", "function_use": "Possibly lineage, fertility-related, ancestral, or protective imagery; exact use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Moderate: existing Luba attribution and maternity form are plausible, but object-specific support is limited.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: avoid assigning ceremonial/spiritual function without object-specific documentation or provenance.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll033" }, { "Title": "Pende Mbuya-Style Face Mask", "preferred_term": "Pende mbuya-style mask", "legacy_title": "Untitled object 34", "Date": "20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "20th century", "period_dynasty": "20th century", "Description": "This Pende mbuya-style face mask has an oval form, narrow horizontal eye slits, an open mouth with carved teeth, red, white, and black pigment, and evidence of fiber attachments. Mbuya masks are associated with public masquerade and named characters. The mask’s color contrasts and tooth-baring mouth create a lively, theatrical presence.", "Geographic location": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kwilu/Kwango or Kasai region", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2012-01", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Pende-style, attribution probable", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Pende peoples, probable", "place_of_creation": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kwilu/Kwango or Kasai region, probable", "place_of_use": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kwilu/Kwango or Kasai region, probable", "materials": "Carved wood, pigment, plant fiber or raffia, possible cloth or fiber attachments", "technique": "Carved, pierced, pigment-applied, fiber attachment", "object_type": "Face mask / mbuya-style mask", "function_use": "By comparison, associated with public masquerade performance; exact character and use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "High for Pende mbuya mask type based on visual features and close comparison with museum examples; exact character type and local origin are undocumented.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: avoid assigning a specific character name without object-specific evidence.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll034" }, { "Title": "Lega-Style Bearded Face Mask", "preferred_term": "bearded face mask", "Date": "20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "20th century", "period_dynasty": "20th century", "Description": "This carved wooden face mask has a rounded cranial form, narrow horizontal eye slits, a slightly open mouth with carved teeth, incised forehead motifs, and remnants of fur and fiber attachments. The face combines restraint with force, while the attached materials add texture and movement. Its form relates to Lega or Lega-related masking traditions.", "Geographic location": "Democratic Republic of the Congo", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2012-02", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Lega-style or related Central African, attribution uncertain", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Lega peoples or related peoples, possible", "place_of_creation": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, possible", "place_of_use": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, possible", "materials": "Carved wood, pigment, fur, fiber, surface patina", "technique": "Carved, incised, pigment-applied, fiber/fur attachment", "object_type": "Face mask / bearded mask", "function_use": "Possibly association, initiation, or masquerade object; exact use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Moderate: existing Lega attribution and visible mask form are plausible, but specific use remains uncertain.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: keep Lega attribution qualified unless further documentation confirms the type.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll035" }, { "Title": "Luba-Style Face Mask", "preferred_term": "Luba-style face mask", "legacy_title": "Untitled object 36", "Date": "20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "20th century", "period_dynasty": "20th century", "Description": "This Luba-style face mask has an elongated oval form, smooth convex facial planes, narrow horizontal eye slits, a small slightly open mouth, and a softly incised coiffure band. The calm expression and balanced surface create an idealized face. Its quiet refinement relates to Luba approaches to beauty, composure, and social authority.", "Geographic location": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, Luba region", "Source": "JSU Permanent Collection", "Identifier": "JA-2012-04", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Luba-style, attribution uncertain", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Luba peoples, possible", "place_of_creation": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, Luba region, possible", "place_of_use": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, Luba region, possible", "materials": "Carved wood, traces of pigment, possible surface patina", "technique": "Carved, incised, pigment-applied, patinated", "object_type": "Face mask / masquerade mask", "function_use": "Possibly masquerade or association object; exact use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Moderate: visual features support a Luba-style mask attribution, but named type and performance context are not confirmed.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: avoid assigning a named mask type or spiritual context without object-specific documentation or provenance.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll036" }, { "Title": "Ituri-Region Style Face Mask", "preferred_term": "Ituri-region face mask", "Date": "Early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Early 20th century", "period_dynasty": "20th century", "Description": "This light-colored face mask is coated with kaolin and modeled with a soft oval face, arched brow ridge, small pierced eyes, narrow straight nose, and restrained mouth. The pale surface gives the mask a luminous, reserved presence. Its form relates to Ituri-region masks associated with Mbuti, Ndaka, and neighboring northeastern Congolese peoples.", "Geographic location": "Ituri Rainforest region, northeastern Democratic Republic of the Congo", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2012-03", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Ituri-region peoples, possibly Mbuti or Ndaka, attribution uncertain", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Mbuti, Ndaka, or neighboring peoples, possible", "place_of_creation": "Ituri Rainforest region, northeastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, possible", "place_of_use": "Ituri Rainforest region, northeastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, possible", "materials": "Carved wood, kaolin or white clay pigment, surface patina", "technique": "Carved, pierced, pigment-applied", "object_type": "Face mask / Ituri-region mask", "function_use": "Possibly masquerade or association object; exact use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Low to moderate: Mbuti/Ndaka or Ituri-region attribution is plausible but uncertain from available evidence.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: keep people attribution qualified because Ituri-region mask attributions can overlap among neighboring groups.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll037" }, { "Title": "Lega Lukwakongo-Style Mask with Fiber Beard", "preferred_term": "Lega lukwakongo mask", "legacy_title": "Untitled object 38", "Date": "20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "20th century", "period_dynasty": "20th century", "Description": "This Lega lukwakongo-style mask has an oval, softly contoured face, narrow horizontal eye slits, subtle brow ridge, small mouth, weathered light-brown surface, and attached fiber beard. Lukwakongo masks are associated with Bwami initiation and instruction. The mask’s reduced features create a quiet but memorable image.", "Geographic location": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, eastern Congo region", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2012-10", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Lega-style, likely Lega peoples", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Lega peoples, probable", "place_of_creation": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, eastern Congo region, probable", "place_of_use": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, eastern Congo region, probable", "materials": "Carved wood, plant fiber or raffia/liana fiber, possible kaolin, pigment, or surface patina", "technique": "Carved, pierced, pigment-applied, fiber attachment", "object_type": "Mask / lukwakongo-style mask / Bwami association object", "function_use": "By comparison, associated with Bwami initiation and rank instruction; exact meaning not documented", "attribution_confidence": "High for Lega lukwakongo-type mask based on visual features and close museum parallels; specific Bwami grade, owner, and context are undocumented.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: possible initiation-society or association object; describe respectfully and avoid unsupported restricted meanings.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll038" }, { "Title": "Lega Lukwakongo-Style Maskette", "preferred_term": "Lega maskette", "legacy_title": "Untitled object 39", "Date": "20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "20th century", "period_dynasty": "20th century", "Description": "This small Lega maskette, likely of the lukwakongo type, has a softly modeled rounded-rectangular face, narrow horizontal eye slits, a short projecting nose, small mouth, dotted and linear facial markings, and traces of light pigment. Its compact scale suggests intimate handling within Bwami-associated contexts. The surface markings animate the otherwise restrained face.", "Geographic location": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, eastern Congo region", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2012-08", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Lega-style, likely Lega peoples", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Lega peoples, probable", "place_of_creation": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, eastern Congo region, probable", "place_of_use": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, eastern Congo region, probable", "materials": "Carved wood, pigment or kaolin traces, possible surface patina", "technique": "Carved, incised, pierced, pigment-applied, patinated", "object_type": "Maskette / lukwakongo-style mask / Bwami association object", "function_use": "By comparison, associated with Bwami initiation and rank instruction; exact meaning not documented", "attribution_confidence": "High for Lega lukwakongo-type maskette based on visual features and museum parallels; specific grade, owner, and teaching meaning are undocumented.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: possible initiation-society or association object; avoid unsupported restricted meanings.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll039" }, { "Title": "Lwalwa Mfondo-Style Face Mask", "preferred_term": "Mfondo-style face mask", "legacy_title": "Untitled object 40", "Date": "20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "20th century", "period_dynasty": "20th century", "Description": "This Lwalwa, or Lwalu, Mfondo-style face mask has an elongated oval form, narrow horizontal eye slits, a small projecting nose, sharply divided red, black, and natural wood-toned pigment, and a V-shaped forehead motif. The angular planes and bold color fields create a highly graphic face. Its form relates closely to Lwalwa/Lwalu masking traditions.", "Geographic location": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kasai region or southern DRC/Angola border region", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2012-12", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Lwalwa or Lwalu-style, attribution probable", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Lwalwa/Lwalu peoples, probable", "place_of_creation": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kasai region or southern DRC/Angola border region, probable", "place_of_use": "Democratic Republic of the Congo or Angola border region, probable", "materials": "Carved wood, pigment, possible surface patina", "technique": "Carved, incised, pigment-applied, patinated", "object_type": "Face mask / Mfondo-type mask", "function_use": "By comparison, associated with masquerade and initiation/hunting-spirit contexts; exact use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Moderate to high: visual form closely matches Lwalwa/Lwalu mask records, including Mfondo examples; exact local name and performance context are not confirmed.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: keep performance context qualified without object-specific provenance.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll040" }, { "Title": "Lega Bwami-Style Standing Figure", "preferred_term": "Lega Bwami-style figure", "legacy_title": "Untitled object 41", "Date": "19th–20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "19th–20th century", "period_dynasty": "19th–20th century", "Description": "This small Lega-style standing figure has an elongated head, pierced eyes, facial perforations, a ridged cylindrical torso, simplified limbs, and a worn surface. Its compact scale and abstracted body relate to Lega objects used within Bwami association contexts. The perforated features and reduced form give the figure a quiet, concentrated presence.", "Geographic location": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, eastern Congo region", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2012-15", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Lega-style, attribution probable", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Lega peoples, probable", "place_of_creation": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, eastern Congo region, probable", "place_of_use": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, eastern Congo region, probable", "materials": "Carved wood, possible pigment or surface patina", "technique": "Carved, drilled/perforated, incised, patinated", "object_type": "Standing figure / Bwami association object", "function_use": "By comparison, associated with Bwami initiation, rank, and moral instruction; exact meaning not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Moderate to high: visual features fit Lega Bwami figure traditions; exact figural category such as iginga or katanda is not confirmed.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: possible initiation-society or association object; avoid unsupported restricted meanings.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll041" }, { "Title": "Lega Bwami-Style Figure with Raised Arms", "preferred_term": "Lega Bwami-style figure", "legacy_title": "Untitled object 42", "Date": "20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "20th century", "period_dynasty": "20th century", "Description": "This small Lega-style standing figure raises both arms beside an elongated oval head and schematic body. Numerous drilled perforations across the face and torso animate the surface and draw attention to the figure's frontal pose. The raised arms and compact body relate to Lega Bwami-associated figural traditions, including katanda-related forms.", "Geographic location": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, eastern Congo region", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2012-16", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Lega-style, attribution probable", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Lega peoples, probable", "place_of_creation": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, eastern Congo region, probable", "place_of_use": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, eastern Congo region, probable", "materials": "Carved wood, possible pigment or surface patina", "technique": "Carved, drilled/perforated, patinated", "object_type": "Standing figure / Bwami association object", "function_use": "By comparison, associated with Bwami initiation, rank, and moral instruction; exact meaning not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Moderate to high: visual features match Lega Bwami figure traditions; raised arms suggest katanda-related forms but exact category is not confirmed.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: possible initiation-society or association object; avoid unsupported details of restricted meaning.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll042" }, { "Title": "Hemba-Style Standing Ancestor Figure (Singiti Type)", "preferred_term": "standing ancestor figure", "legacy_title": "Untitled object 43", "Date": "20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "20th century", "period_dynasty": "20th century", "Description": "This small Hemba-style standing figure has bent legs, a forward-leaning posture, elongated head, downcast almond-shaped eyes, narrow nose, and traces of red and light pigment. Hemba ancestor figures, often called singiti, are associated with lineage commemoration and ancestral presence. The figure's modest scale and contemplative expression give it a reserved dignity.", "Geographic location": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, Hemba region", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2012-17", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Hemba-style, attribution probable", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Hemba peoples, probable", "place_of_creation": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, Hemba region, probable", "place_of_use": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, Hemba region, probable", "materials": "Carved wood, pigment, possible surface patina", "technique": "Carved, pigment-applied, patinated", "object_type": "Ancestor figure / standing figure", "function_use": "By comparison, possibly commemorative ancestor or lineage figure; exact identity and use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Moderate to high: visual features correspond to Hemba ancestor-figure traditions; named singiti function and specific lineage context are not confirmed.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: avoid identifying a specific ancestor or lineage without object-specific documentation or provenance.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll043" }, { "Title": "Luba-Style Lidded Ceremonial Container", "preferred_term": "lidded ceremonial container", "legacy_title": "Untitled object 44", "Date": "19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "19th–early 20th century", "period_dynasty": "19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This Luba-style lidded wooden container has a rounded vessel body decorated with chevron and linear motifs and a sculptural lid formed by paired stylized human figures. The combination of container and figural handle links utility with prestige. In Luba and related central Congolese traditions, elaborately carved containers could signal authority, ceremony, and refined craftsmanship.", "Geographic location": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, Luba region", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2012-18", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Luba-style, attribution probable", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Luba peoples, probable", "place_of_creation": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, Luba region, probable", "place_of_use": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, Luba region, probable", "materials": "Carved wood, possible pigment or surface patina", "technique": "Carved, incised, lidded construction, patinated", "object_type": "Lidded container / ceremonial or ritual vessel", "function_use": "Possibly prestige, chiefly, ritual, or storage container; exact use and contents not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Moderate: form supports a Luba-style lidded-container attribution, but no specific local name, contents, or function has been confirmed.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: avoid identifying contents or spiritual context without object-specific documentation or provenance.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll044" }, { "Title": "Lega Bwami-Style Anthropomorphic Figure", "preferred_term": "Lega Bwami-style figure", "legacy_title": "Untitled object 45", "Date": "20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "20th century", "period_dynasty": "20th century", "Description": "This small Lega-style anthropomorphic figure has a heart-shaped face, narrow almond eyes, simplified proportions, and an elongated lower body or handle-like form. The worn dark patina suggests handling over time. Its restrained carving and compact scale relate to Lega Bwami figures and association objects used for teaching, rank, and moral instruction.", "Geographic location": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, eastern Congo region", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2012-21", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Lega-style, attribution probable", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Lega peoples, probable", "place_of_creation": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, eastern Congo region, probable", "place_of_use": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, eastern Congo region, probable", "materials": "Carved wood, dark surface patina, possible pigment or oil", "technique": "Carved, smoothed, patinated", "object_type": "Anthropomorphic figure / Bwami association object", "function_use": "By comparison, associated with Bwami initiation, rank, and moral instruction; exact meaning not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Moderate to high: visual features match Lega Bwami figure traditions, but exact category and grade are not confirmed.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: possible initiation-society or association object; avoid unsupported details of restricted meaning.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll045" }, { "Title": "Songye-Style Beaded Face Mask", "preferred_term": "beaded face mask", "legacy_title": "Untitled object 46", "Date": "20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "20th century", "period_dynasty": "20th century", "Description": "This Songye-style carved wooden mask has an elongated oval face, narrow horizontal eye slits, pronounced nose, pursed mouth, cylindrical rim, and red and white glass beads outlining the eyes and cheeks. The beaded details add brilliance to the otherwise forceful wooden form. Its facial structure relates to Songye masking traditions while presenting a distinctive decorated surface.", "Geographic location": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, Songye region", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2012-24", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Songye-style, attribution uncertain", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Songye peoples, possible", "place_of_creation": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, Songye region, possible", "place_of_use": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, Songye region, possible", "materials": "Carved wood, pigment, glass beads, possible surface patina", "technique": "Carved, pigment-applied, bead inlay or attachment, patinated", "object_type": "Face mask / possible Kifwebe-related mask", "function_use": "Possibly masquerade performance; exact named type and use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Moderate: existing metadata supports Songye attribution, but beaded decoration and limited documentation make a specific subtype uncertain.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: keep Kifwebe-related language qualified unless a source confirms the type.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll046" }, { "Title": "Bamana-Style Composite Power Figure or Adorned Figure", "preferred_term": "composite power figure", "legacy_title": "Untitled object 47", "Date": "20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "20th century", "period_dynasty": "20th century", "Description": "This composite figure combines a stylized human head with a globular body densely adorned with glass beads, cowrie shells, leather, fiber, and other applied materials. The accumulated surface creates a sense of abundance, protection, and ritual intensity. Its materials relate broadly to West African power-object, adornment, and ceremonial traditions.", "Geographic location": "Mali or neighboring West Africa", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2012-22", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Bamana-style or West African, attribution uncertain", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Bamana peoples, possible", "place_of_creation": "Mali or neighboring West Africa, possible", "place_of_use": "Mali or neighboring West Africa, possible", "materials": "Carved wood, glass beads, cowrie shells, leather, plant fiber, possible cloth and accumulative materials", "technique": "Carved, beaded, shell-applied, wrapped, assembled", "object_type": "Composite power figure / adorned ceremonial or spiritually significant object", "function_use": "Possibly protective, prestige, ceremonial, or divination object; exact use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Moderate: materials and form support a Bamana or West African power-object comparison, but the specific object type is uncertain.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: potentially culturally or spiritually sensitive object; avoid identifying contents or ceremonial/spiritual use beyond visible evidence and documented comparanda.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll047" }, { "Title": "Lega Lukwakongo-Style Maskette", "preferred_term": "Lega maskette", "legacy_title": "Untitled object 48", "Date": "20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "20th century", "period_dynasty": "20th century", "Description": "This small Lega lukwakongo-type maskette has an elongated oval face, softly modeled surface, narrow almond-shaped eyes, short straight nose, small horizontal mouth, heavy wear, and traces of light pigment or kaolin. Its compact format suggests an object meant for close viewing and handling. The restrained features relate to Lega Bwami association maskettes.", "Geographic location": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, eastern Congo region", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2012-06", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Lega-style, likely Lega peoples", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Lega peoples, probable", "place_of_creation": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, eastern Congo region, probable", "place_of_use": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, eastern Congo region, probable", "materials": "Carved wood, pigment or kaolin traces, surface patina", "technique": "Carved, pierced, pigment-applied, patinated", "object_type": "Maskette / lukwakongo-style mask / Bwami association object", "function_use": "By comparison, associated with Bwami initiation and rank instruction; exact meaning not documented", "attribution_confidence": "High for Lega lukwakongo-type maskette based on visual features and close museum parallels; exact owner, grade, and teaching meaning are undocumented.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: possible initiation-society or association object; avoid unsupported restricted meanings.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll048" }, { "Title": "Boa-Style Face Mask with Ring Ears", "preferred_term": "Boa-style face mask", "legacy_title": "Untitled object 49", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "period_dynasty": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This carved wooden face mask has an elongated oval face, large circular ring-shaped ears, narrow eyes, an open mouth with teeth, and subdued brown, ochre, and dark surface tones. The prominent ring ears relate to Boa pongdudu-type masks from the Uele region of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The mask's angular features create a forceful and memorable expression.", "Geographic location": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uele River region", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2012-05", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Boa-style, attribution uncertain", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Boa peoples, possible", "place_of_creation": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uele River region, possible", "place_of_use": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uele River region, possible", "materials": "Carved wood, pigment, possible kaolin or surface patina", "technique": "Carved, pierced, pigment-applied, patinated", "object_type": "Face mask / pongdudu-style mask", "function_use": "Possibly masquerade, protective, or social-regulatory performance; exact use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Low to moderate: ring-shaped ears support a Boa/Uele-region comparison, but object-specific documentation is limited.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: avoid using “Bwa” for this DRC object unless separate evidence supports that attribution.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll049" }, { "Title": "Lega Lukwakongo-Style Mask", "preferred_term": "Lega lukwakongo mask", "legacy_title": "Untitled object 50", "Date": "20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "20th century", "period_dynasty": "20th century", "Description": "This Lega lukwakongo-type mask has an elongated oval face, narrow horizontal eye slits, long straight nose, small open mouth, brown and ivory-toned surface, and evidence of former fiber attachments. Lukwakongo masks are associated with Bwami society instruction and rank. The softened modeling and pale highlights give the face a contemplative presence.", "Geographic location": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, eastern Congo region", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2012-07", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Lega-style, likely Lega peoples", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Lega peoples, probable", "place_of_creation": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, eastern Congo region, likely South Kivu or Maniema area", "place_of_use": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, eastern Congo region, likely South Kivu or Maniema area", "materials": "Carved wood, pigment or kaolin, plant fiber or raffia/liana fiber, surface patina", "technique": "Carved, pierced, pigment-applied, possible fiber attachment", "object_type": "Mask / lukwakongo-style mask / Bwami association object", "function_use": "By comparison, associated with Bwami initiation and rank instruction; exact object meaning not documented", "attribution_confidence": "High for Lega lukwakongo-type mask based on existing metadata and close museum parallels; exact owner, grade, and teaching meaning are undocumented.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: possible initiation-society or association object; describe respectfully and avoid unsupported details of restricted meaning.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll050" }, { "Title": "Ngbandi-Style Face Mask", "preferred_term": "Ngbandi-style face mask", "legacy_title": "Untitled object 51", "Date": "20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "20th century", "period_dynasty": "20th century", "Description": "This Ngbandi-style wooden mask has an elongated oval form, square eye openings, a pronounced vertical nasal ridge with notched relief, rectangular open mouth with carved teeth, striated cap-like coiffure, and weathered pigment. The severe geometry of the face gives the mask a powerful visual clarity. Its form relates to Ubangi-region masking traditions.", "Geographic location": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ubangi River region", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2012-09", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Ngbandi-style, attribution probable but cautious", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Ngbandi peoples, possible", "place_of_creation": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ubangi River region, possible", "place_of_use": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ubangi River region, possible", "materials": "Carved wood, pigment, possible surface patina", "technique": "Carved, incised, pigment-applied, patinated", "object_type": "Face mask / masquerade mask", "function_use": "Possibly social-regulatory, initiation, or masquerade context; exact use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Moderate: visual features align with Ngbandi/northern DRC masks, but Ngbandi masks are rare and documentation is limited.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: keep attribution qualified and avoid detailed function without source support.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll051" }, { "Title": "Chokwe Pwo or Mwana Pwo-Style Face Mask", "preferred_term": "pwo mask", "legacy_title": "Untitled object 52", "Date": "20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "20th century", "period_dynasty": "20th century", "Description": "This Chokwe face mask of the pwo or mwana pwo type has an elongated oval face, heavy-lidded horizontal eyes, incised diagonal and vertical facial markings, prominent straight nose, and open mouth with carved teeth. Pwo and mwana pwo masks are associated with idealized womanhood, beauty, and female ancestral presence. The mask's refined facial surface and scarification motifs emphasize elegance and social identity.", "Geographic location": "Angola or Democratic Republic of the Congo, Chokwe region", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2012-11", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Chokwe-style, probable attribution", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Chokwe peoples, probable", "place_of_creation": "Angola or Democratic Republic of the Congo, Chokwe region, probable", "place_of_use": "Angola or Democratic Republic of the Congo, Chokwe region, probable", "materials": "Carved wood, pigment, possible plant fiber, metal, or surface patina if attachments were formerly present", "technique": "Carved, incised, pigment-applied, patinated", "object_type": "Face mask / pwo or mwana pwo mask", "function_use": "By comparison, associated with masquerade representations of idealized womanhood or female ancestors; exact use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Moderate to high: visual features match Chokwe pwo/mwana pwo masks in museum collections; exact variant and performance context are undocumented.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: avoid identifying the represented woman or performance history without object-specific documentation or provenance.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll052" }, { "Title": "Ngbaka or Ubangi-Region Face Mask", "preferred_term": "Ubangi-region face mask", "legacy_title": "Untitled object 53", "Date": "Early–mid 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Early–mid 20th century", "period_dynasty": "Early–mid 20th century", "Description": "This elongated wooden mask has narrow slit eyes, a pronounced straight nose, cross-hatched surface decoration, pigment, and attached fiber elements. Its scarification-like patterns and austere face relate to Ngbaka, Mbanza/Banja, and neighboring Ubangi-region masking traditions. The long facial plane creates a formal, solemn presence.", "Geographic location": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ubangi River region", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2012-13", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Ngbaka or related Ubangi-region group, attribution uncertain", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Ngbaka, Mbanza/Banja, or related peoples, possible", "place_of_creation": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ubangi River region, possible", "place_of_use": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ubangi River region, possible", "materials": "Carved wood, pigment, plant fiber or raffia, possible surface patina", "technique": "Carved, incised, pigment-applied, fiber attachment", "object_type": "Face mask / masquerade or initiation mask", "function_use": "Possibly initiation or masquerade context; exact use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Low to moderate: visual features support an Ngbaka/Mbanza or related Ubangi-region attribution, but exact group is uncertain.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: use cautious attribution because neighboring Ubangi-region styles overlap and museum records note uncertainty.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll053" }, { "Title": "Ngbaka Dagara/Gaza-Style Initiation Mask", "preferred_term": "Ngbaka initiation mask", "legacy_title": "Untitled object 54", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "period_dynasty": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This elongated Ngbaka-style wooden mask has an oval helmet-like form, almond-shaped pierced eyes, projecting straight nose, wide open mouth, heavy patina, and austere carving. The mask's formal severity gives it a commanding presence. Comparable Ngbaka masks from the Ubangi region are associated with initiation and related performance contexts.", "Geographic location": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ubangi River region", "Source": "JSU Permanent Collection", "Identifier": "JA-2012-19", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Ngbaka-style, attribution probable", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Ngbaka peoples, probable", "place_of_creation": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ubangi River region, probable", "place_of_use": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ubangi River region, probable", "materials": "Carved wood, possible pigment or surface patina", "technique": "Carved, pierced, patinated", "object_type": "Face mask / initiation mask / dagara or gaza-type mask", "function_use": "By comparison, associated with initiation contexts; exact use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Moderate to high: description and museum parallels support an Ngbaka dagara/gaza initiation-mask attribution; exact local name and performance history are undocumented.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: possible initiation object; keep ceremonial/spiritual details limited to public-source comparisons.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll054" }, { "Title": "Lega Bwami Figure (Iginga-Style)", "preferred_term": "Lega iginga-style figure", "legacy_title": "Untitled object 55", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "period_dynasty": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This Lega standing figure has elongated proportions, bent arms framing the torso, an asymmetrical face, one eye highlighted with white kaolin, and a compact pedestal base. Lega Bwami figures, often called iginga, are associated with initiation, rank, and moral instruction. The contrasting eye treatment gives the figure a striking sense of focus.", "Geographic location": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, eastern Congo region", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2012-14", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Lega-style, attribution probable", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Lega peoples, probable", "place_of_creation": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, eastern Congo region, probable", "place_of_use": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, eastern Congo region, probable", "materials": "Carved wood, white kaolin pigment, possible surface patina", "technique": "Carved, pigment-applied, patinated", "object_type": "Standing figure / Bwami association object / iginga-style figure", "function_use": "By comparison, associated with Bwami initiation, rank, and moral instruction; exact meaning not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Moderate to high: existing metadata and museum parallels support a Lega Bwami figure, likely iginga-style; exact category and meaning are not documented.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: possible initiation-society or association object; avoid unsupported details of restricted meaning.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll055" }, { "Title": "Lega-Style Ceremonial Spoon or Bwami Paddle", "preferred_term": "ceremonial spoon or paddle", "legacy_title": "Untitled object 56", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "period_dynasty": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This Lega-style ceremonial spoon or paddle has an elongated blade and a handle surmounted by a small anthropomorphic figure with white kaolin highlights. The attenuated body, dark patina, and worn surface suggest repeated handling. Lega and neighboring Bwami association objects could serve as teaching, prestige, and ceremonial implements.", "Geographic location": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, eastern Congo region", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2012-20", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Lega-style, attribution probable", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Lega peoples, probable", "place_of_creation": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, eastern Congo region, probable", "place_of_use": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, eastern Congo region, probable", "materials": "Carved wood, white kaolin pigment, dark surface patina", "technique": "Carved, pigment-applied, patinated", "object_type": "Ceremonial spoon / Bwami association prestige utensil or paddle", "function_use": "Possibly Bwami teaching, rank, or prestige object; exact use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Moderate to high: existing metadata and museum parallels support a Lega Bwami ceremonial spoon or paddle attribution; exact local name and grade are not confirmed.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: possible initiation-society or association object; avoid unsupported details of restricted meaning.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll056" }, { "Title": "Songye Nkishi-Style Power Figure", "preferred_term": "nkishi-style power figure", "legacy_title": "Untitled object 57", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "period_dynasty": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This Songye-style nkisi or nkishi power figure has a faceted mask-like head, metal studs, fiber bindings around the torso, and bifurcated legs. The angular face, applied materials, and binding create a dense visual language of activation and protection. Comparable Songye power figures were understood as effective through added substances, specialist intervention, and social use.", "Geographic location": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, Songye region", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2014-04", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Songye-style, attribution probable", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Songye peoples, probable", "place_of_creation": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, Songye region, central/eastern Congo Basin, probable", "place_of_use": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, Songye region, central/eastern Congo Basin, probable", "materials": "Carved wood, plant fiber, cord, possible pigment and composite materials", "technique": "Carved, bound, assembled, patinated", "object_type": "Power figure / nkishi or nkisi-style figure", "function_use": "Possibly protective, healing, divinatory, or communally significant object; exact use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "High for Songye power figure type based on visual features and close museum parallels; exact contents, subgroup, owner, and history of use are undocumented.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: potentially culturally or spiritually sensitive object; avoid identifying contents or ceremonial/spiritual use beyond visible evidence and documented comparanda.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll057" }, { "Title": "Hemba- or Luba-Hemba-Style Standing Ancestor Figure", "preferred_term": "standing ancestor figure", "legacy_title": "Untitled object 58", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "period_dynasty": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This Hemba or Luba-Hemba style ancestor figure has an elongated neck and torso, heart-shaped face, restrained features, chevron scarification on the abdomen, and bead ornaments at the neck and waist. The upright stance and composed expression relate to ancestor-figure traditions in eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo. The figure presents lineage memory through idealized, dignified form.", "Geographic location": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, eastern/central Congo region", "Source": "JSU Permanent Collection", "Identifier": "JA-2014-08", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Hemba or Luba-Hemba-style, attribution uncertain", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Hemba peoples or Luba-Hemba peoples, possible", "place_of_creation": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, eastern/central Congo region, possible", "place_of_use": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, eastern/central Congo region, possible", "materials": "Carved wood, glass beads, possible pigment or surface patina", "technique": "Carved, incised, bead attachment, patinated", "object_type": "Ancestor figure / standing figure", "function_use": "Possibly commemorative ancestor, lineage, or prestige figure; exact use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Moderate: visual features support a Hemba/Luba-Hemba ancestor-figure attribution, but subgroup and lineage context are not confirmed.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: avoid identifying a specific ancestor, lineage, or spiritual context without object-specific documentation or provenance.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll058" }, { "Title": "Songye- or Luba-Songye-Style Carved Figural Panel", "preferred_term": "carved figural panel", "legacy_title": "Untitled object 59", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "period_dynasty": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This vertical carved wooden panel is made of joined sections and organized around a large stylized face in the upper register with paired figures below. Incised geometric and dotted motifs cover the surface, while metal staples or repairs suggest a long object history. The layered composition relates to Songye or Luba-Songye regional carving traditions.", "Geographic location": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, central/eastern Congo Basin", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2014-01", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Songye or related Luba-Songye regional tradition, attribution uncertain", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Songye peoples, Luba peoples, or related peoples, possible", "place_of_creation": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, central/eastern Congo Basin, possible", "place_of_use": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, central/eastern Congo Basin, possible", "materials": "Carved wood, metal repair staples, possible pigment or surface patina", "technique": "Carved relief, incised, joined sections, metal repairs", "object_type": "Carved panel / figural panel / possible architectural or spiritually significant object", "function_use": "Possibly architectural, prestige, shrine, or ritual panel; exact use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Low to moderate: regional attribution is plausible, but no close named type or public institutional match has been confirmed.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: avoid assigning specific function or society without supporting documentation.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll059" }, { "Title": "Songye-Style Ritual Power Staff", "preferred_term": "ritual power staff", "legacy_title": "Untitled object 60", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "period_dynasty": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This Songye-style composite ritual staff or staff-like power object combines a carved mask-like head, pierced eyes, metal-studded ornament, feathers, a long shaft, and a seated bound figure. The attached fiber, textile, and metal details create an assembled surface of authority and activation. The object relates to Songye power-object traditions in Central Africa.", "Geographic location": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, Songye region", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2014-02", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Songye-style, attribution probable", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Songye peoples, probable", "place_of_creation": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, Songye region, central/eastern Congo Basin, probable", "place_of_use": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, Songye region, central/eastern Congo Basin, probable", "materials": "Carved wood, metal studs, plant fiber or cord, feathers, textile, possible pigment and composite materials", "technique": "Carved, studded, bound, assembled, patinated", "object_type": "Ritual staff / staff-like power object / Songye power object", "function_use": "Possibly protective, healing, divinatory, or prestige power object; exact use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Moderate to high for Songye power-object tradition based on materials and form; exact named staff type and ritual contents are not confirmed.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: potentially culturally or spiritually sensitive object; avoid identifying contents or ceremonial/spiritual role beyond visible evidence and documented comparanda.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll060" }, { "Title": "Dogon-Style Standing Female Ancestor Figure", "preferred_term": "standing female ancestor figure", "legacy_title": "Untitled object 61", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "period_dynasty": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This Dogon-style standing female figure has an elongated columnar body, exposed breasts, long arms held close to the torso, scarified facial features, open mouth, diamond motifs on the lower body, and a mineral-encrusted surface. The figure's verticality and patterned surface relate to Dogon female figure traditions. Its reserved stance conveys endurance and ancestral presence.", "Geographic location": "Mali, Dogon region", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2014-03", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Dogon-style, attribution probable", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Dogon peoples, probable", "place_of_creation": "Mali, Dogon region, probable", "place_of_use": "Mali, Dogon region, probable", "materials": "Carved wood with mineral-encrusted patina, possible pigment or ritual accretions", "technique": "Carved, incised, encrusted/patinated surface", "object_type": "Female figure / ancestor figure", "function_use": "Possibly ancestral, shrine, fertility-related, or protective figure; exact use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Moderate to high: visual features correspond to Dogon female figure traditions; specific identity, village style, maker, and ceremonial/spiritual context are undocumented.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: avoid claiming shrine use or sacrificial history without object-specific documentation or provenance.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll061" }, { "Title": "Hemba- or Luba-Style Standing Female Figure", "preferred_term": "standing female figure", "legacy_title": "Untitled object 62", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "period_dynasty": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This Hemba or Luba-related female figure has an elongated columnar body, prominent breasts, refined oval face with half-closed eyes, linear scarification, smooth dark patina, and a fiber collar at the neck. The tall form and composed face suggest eastern or central Congolese figural traditions. Its simplified body and polished surface emphasize stillness and dignity.", "Geographic location": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, eastern/central Congo region", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2014-05", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Hemba or Luba-related peoples, attribution uncertain", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Hemba peoples or Luba peoples, possible", "place_of_creation": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, eastern/central Congo region, possible", "place_of_use": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, eastern/central Congo region, possible", "materials": "Carved wood, plant fiber, possible pigment or dark surface patina", "technique": "Carved, incised, fiber attachment, patinated", "object_type": "Female figure / standing figure", "function_use": "Possibly ancestor, prestige, fertility, or personal figure; exact use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Moderate: visual features support a Hemba/Luba-related Central Congolese attribution, but function, subgroup, and identity are not confirmed.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: avoid assigning specific lineage, ancestor, or ceremonial/spiritual use without object-specific documentation or provenance.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll062" }, { "Title": "Teke-Style Standing Figure with Openwork Torso", "preferred_term": "standing figure", "legacy_title": "Untitled object 63", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "period_dynasty": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This Teke-style standing figure has elongated proportions, pierced eyes, a cylindrical neck with beaded collar, metal ring earrings, and openwork lozenge-shaped cutouts through the torso. The ornaments frame the figure as both body and object of display. Its openwork center gives the compact sculpture an unusual architectural quality.", "Geographic location": "Republic of the Congo or Democratic Republic of the Congo, Teke region", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2014-07", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Teke-style, attribution uncertain", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Teke peoples, possible", "place_of_creation": "Republic of the Congo or Democratic Republic of the Congo, Teke region, possible", "place_of_use": "Republic of the Congo or Democratic Republic of the Congo, Teke region, possible", "materials": "Carved wood, metal, glass beads, possible fiber/string and surface patina", "technique": "Carved, pierced/openwork, bead and metal attachment, patinated", "object_type": "Standing figure / possible power or ancestor figure", "function_use": "Possibly personal, ancestor, protective, or power figure; exact use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Moderate: ornamented figural features support a Teke comparison, but the openwork torso is atypical and function is uncertain.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: avoid identifying as a power figure unless an abdominal charge or other evidence is documented.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll063" }, { "Title": "Kuba or Bushoong-Style Ceremonial Panel or Shield", "preferred_term": "ceremonial panel", "legacy_title": "Untitled object 64", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "period_dynasty": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This rectangular Kuba or Bushoong-style ceremonial panel or shield-like object is decorated with painted diamond patterns, an inset circular mask face, relief animal motifs, pegged frame construction, and metal fittings or repairs. The combination of geometry, mask imagery, and animal forms relates to Kuba prestige arts. Its structured surface creates a strong ceremonial presence.", "Geographic location": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kasai region", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2014-06", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Kuba-style, probably Bushoong-related, attribution uncertain", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Kuba peoples, possibly Bushoong subgroup", "place_of_creation": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kasai region, Kuba kingdom area, possible", "place_of_use": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kasai region, Kuba kingdom area, possible", "materials": "Carved wood, pigment, metal fittings or repairs, surface patina", "technique": "Carved relief, painted, pegged or framed construction, metal repair/attachment", "object_type": "Ceremonial panel / shield-like object / possible emblematic or architectural panel", "function_use": "Possibly courtly, prestige, ceremonial, or architectural object; exact use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Moderate: geometric and mask imagery support Kuba/Bushoong attribution, but exact object type and function are not confirmed.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: avoid classifying as shield, door, or shrine object without more evidence.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll064" }, { "Title": "Lega Bwami Female Figure (Iginga-Style)", "preferred_term": "Lega iginga-style figure", "legacy_title": "Untitled object 65", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "period_dynasty": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This Lega standing female figure has elongated proportions, simplified facial features, small projecting breasts, a long neck, beaded waist element, and a worn handled surface. Lega female figures known as iginga are associated with Bwami initiation and rank. The figure's restrained carving focuses attention on posture, surface, and symbolic presence.", "Geographic location": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, eastern Congo region", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2014-09", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Lega-style, probable attribution", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Lega peoples, probable", "place_of_creation": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, eastern Congo region, probable", "place_of_use": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, eastern Congo region, probable", "materials": "Carved wood, glass beads, possible pigment, oil, or surface patina", "technique": "Carved, bead attachment, patinated", "object_type": "Female figure / Bwami association object / iginga-style figure", "function_use": "By comparison, associated with Bwami initiation, rank, and moral instruction; exact meaning not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Moderate to high: existing metadata and museum parallels support a Lega Bwami figure, likely iginga-style; exact category and meaning are not documented.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: possible initiation-society or association object; avoid unsupported details of restricted meaning.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll065" }, { "Title": "Kuba or Bushoong-Style Carved Prestige Panel", "preferred_term": "carved prestige panel", "legacy_title": "Untitled object 66", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "period_dynasty": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This Kuba or Bushoong-style relief panel is densely carved with incised and raised geometric motifs and three stylized mask faces with projecting eyes and crested coiffures. Kuba courtly and prestige arts are known for rhythmic geometry and complex surface design. The panel's repeated faces and patterns create a vivid ornamental field.", "Geographic location": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kasai region", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2014-10", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Kuba-style, probably Bushoong-related, attribution uncertain", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Kuba peoples, possibly Bushoong subgroup", "place_of_creation": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kasai region, Kuba kingdom area, possible", "place_of_use": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kasai region, Kuba kingdom area, possible", "materials": "Carved wood, possible pigment or surface patina", "technique": "Carved relief, incised geometric design, patinated", "object_type": "Carved prestige panel / relief panel / possible architectural or ceremonial panel", "function_use": "Possibly prestige, architectural, courtly, or ceremonial panel; exact use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Moderate: geometric and mask imagery support Kuba/Bushoong comparison, but exact function and original placement are not confirmed.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: avoid specifying architectural or ceremonial/spiritual role without object-specific documentation or provenance.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll066" }, { "Title": "Tabwa Musangwe-Style Helmet Mask", "preferred_term": "Musangwe-style helmet mask", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "period_dynasty": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This helmet-style mask has a rounded dome, facial features carved in relief across a horizontal band, cowrie-shell eyes, incised linear scarification, and lateral attachment perforations. The compact form and cowrie details relate to Tabwa Musangwe-type masks from southeastern Democratic Republic of the Congo. Its low, rounded profile gives the mask a contained, sculptural force.", "Geographic location": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, Tabwa region", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2014-11", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Tabwa-style, attribution probable", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Tabwa peoples, probable", "place_of_creation": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, Tabwa region, probable", "place_of_use": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, Tabwa region, probable", "materials": "Carved wood, cowrie shells, pigment or surface patina", "technique": "Carved, incised, attached cowries, patinated", "object_type": "Helmet mask / Musangwe-type mask", "function_use": "Possibly masquerade, initiation, or social performance; exact use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Moderate: existing title and helmet-mask form support Tabwa Musangwe-type attribution.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: keep performance context tentative without object-specific documentation.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll067" }, { "Title": "Horned Zoomorphic Mask", "preferred_term": "horned zoomorphic mask", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "period_dynasty": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This horned zoomorphic mask is carved as a stylized bovine or antelope-like head with an elongated facial plane, upright curved horns, almond-shaped eyes, exposed teeth, and traces of hide and pigment. The animal form emphasizes alertness, strength, and motion. Its dramatic horns and open mouth create an energetic masquerade presence.", "Geographic location": "Democratic Republic of the Congo", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2015-01", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Central African peoples, possibly Lega-related, attribution uncertain", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Lega or related peoples, possible", "place_of_creation": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, uncertain", "place_of_use": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, uncertain", "materials": "Carved wood, pigment, hide or skin, surface patina", "technique": "Carved, pigment-applied, hide attachment", "object_type": "Horned zoomorphic mask / animal-form mask", "function_use": "Possibly masquerade or association object; exact use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Low to moderate: horned animal form is clear, but the Lega attribution and specific use remain uncertain.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: avoid treating the Lega attribution as confirmed without stronger evidence.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll068" }, { "Title": "Chokwe Pwo or Mwana Pwo-Style Face Mask", "preferred_term": "pwo mask", "legacy_title": "Untitled object 69", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "period_dynasty": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This Chokwe pwo or mwana pwo face mask has a rounded forehead, half-closed almond-shaped eyes, elongated nose, pursed mouth, incised facial scarification, and attached fiber or costume remnants. A cruciform cingelyengelye-like motif marks the forehead. The mask aligns with Chokwe female mask traditions centered on idealized beauty and ancestral femininity.", "Geographic location": "Angola or Democratic Republic of the Congo, Chokwe region", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2015-02", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Chokwe-style, probable attribution", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Chokwe peoples, probable", "place_of_creation": "Angola or Democratic Republic of the Congo, Chokwe region, probable", "place_of_use": "Angola or Democratic Republic of the Congo, Chokwe region, probable", "materials": "Carved wood, plant fiber or raffia, pigment, possible metal, cloth, or surface patina", "technique": "Carved, incised, pigment-applied, fiber attachment", "object_type": "Face mask / pwo or mwana pwo mask", "function_use": "By comparison, associated with masquerade representations of idealized womanhood or female ancestors; exact use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "High for Chokwe pwo/mwana pwo type based on visual features and close museum parallels; exact local variant and performance history are undocumented.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: avoid identifying a represented individual or claim specific performance history without object-specific documentation or provenance.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll069" }, { "Title": "Yaka- or Suku-Style Conical Initiation Helmet Mask", "preferred_term": "conical initiation helmet mask", "legacy_title": "Untitled object 70", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "period_dynasty": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This conical Yaka or Suku-related helmet mask has a sharply tapering crown, narrow horizontal eye slit, inset cowrie shells, incised side accents, dark patina, and a perforated lower rim for costume attachment. The vertical cone creates a dramatic silhouette. Its form relates to southwestern Congolese initiation masks.", "Geographic location": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, southwestern region", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2015-04", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Yaka or Suku-style, attribution uncertain", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Yaka peoples or Suku peoples, possible", "place_of_creation": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, southwestern region, possible", "place_of_use": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, southwestern region, possible", "materials": "Carved wood, cowrie shells, possible pigment, plant fiber or raffia, attachment cord", "technique": "Carved, pierced, inlaid or attached cowries, patinated", "object_type": "Helmet mask / initiation mask / cap-form mask", "function_use": "Possibly associated with initiation performance; exact named type and role not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Moderate: conical mask form supports a Yaka/Suku initiation-mask comparison, but exact named type and performance role are not confirmed.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: possible initiation object; keep ceremonial/spiritual details limited to public-source comparisons.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll070" }, { "Title": "Boa-Style Plank Face Mask", "preferred_term": "plank face mask", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "period_dynasty": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This elongated plank-form face mask has a flat reverse, narrow perforated eyes, a pronounced vertical median ridge forming the nose, a rectangular openwork mouth with carved teeth, and abraded white kaolin over dark patina. The stark geometry relates to Boa or related northern Congolese mask traditions. Its pale surface and strong ridge create a striking graphic face.", "Geographic location": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uele region", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2015-03", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Boa-style, attribution uncertain", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Boa peoples, possible", "place_of_creation": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uele region, possible", "place_of_use": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uele region, possible", "materials": "Carved wood, kaolin or white clay pigment, surface patina", "technique": "Carved, pierced, pigment-applied, patinated", "object_type": "Face mask / masquerade mask", "function_use": "Possibly masquerade performance; exact use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Moderate: existing Boa attribution and mask form support identification; object-specific documentation remains limited.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: use “Boa-style” unless provenance confirms the attribution and use.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll071" }, { "Title": "Kwese- or Kete-Style Helmet Mask", "preferred_term": "helmet mask", "legacy_title": "Untitled object 72", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "period_dynasty": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This Kwese or Kete-style circular helmet or face mask has softly modeled rounded features, narrow horizontal eye slits with ochre accents, a small pursed mouth, smooth dark patina, and a thick padded fiber border. The circular form gives the mask a compact, self-contained presence. Its features relate to Kasai-region masking traditions.", "Geographic location": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kasai region", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2015-06", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Kwese or Kete-style, attribution uncertain", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Kwese peoples, Kete peoples, or related Kasai-region peoples, possible", "place_of_creation": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kasai region, possible", "place_of_use": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kasai region, possible", "materials": "Carved wood, pigment, fiber padding or raffia, possible textile and surface patina", "technique": "Carved, pigment-applied, fiber attachment, patinated", "object_type": "Helmet mask / face mask", "function_use": "Possibly masquerade performance; exact local name and use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Moderate: existing metadata and visual comparison support a Kwese/Kete Kasai-region attribution, but exact local name and use are not confirmed.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: keep subgroup attribution qualified without stronger provenance.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll072" }, { "Title": "Kuba Bwoom-Style Helmet Mask", "preferred_term": "Bwoom-style helmet mask", "legacy_title": "Untitled object 73", "Description": "This Kuba-style helmet mask closely resembles the Bwoom type, with rounded helmet form, protruding facial features, side flanges, fiber or textile elements, and applied decorative materials. Bwoom is one of the major Kuba royal mask characters. The mask's volume and richly worked surface suggest the theatrical force of Kuba masquerade.", "Geographic location": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kasai region", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2015-05", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Kuba-style, probable Bwoom-type attribution", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Kuba peoples, possible", "place_of_creation": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kasai region, Kuba kingdom area, possible", "place_of_use": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kasai region, Kuba kingdom area, possible", "materials": "Carved wood, pigment, fiber or textile; possible beads, cowrie shells, metal, leather, fur, or seed pods", "technique": "Carved, assembled, pigment-applied, fiber/textile attachment", "object_type": "Helmet mask / Bwoom-type royal mask", "function_use": "By comparison, associated with Kuba royal masquerade and public performance; exact use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Low to moderate: public image comparison suggests a Kuba Bwoom-type helmet mask, but no object-specific source was confirmed.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: use “Bwoom-style” unless provenance confirms the exact Kuba mask character and performance context.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll073" }, { "Title": "Hemba-Style Standing Ancestor Figure", "preferred_term": "standing ancestor figure", "legacy_title": "Untitled object 74", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "period_dynasty": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This Hemba-style standing figure has an elongated columnar body, simplified cylindrical legs divided by a vertical slit, a small schematic head, almond-shaped eyes, restrained facial features, heavy wear, and dark patina. Hemba singiti ancestor figures are associated with lineage commemoration. The figure's simplicity gives it a quiet, enduring presence.", "Geographic location": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, eastern/central Congo region", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2015-07", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Hemba-style, attribution probable", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Hemba peoples, probable", "place_of_creation": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, eastern/central Congo region, probable", "place_of_use": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, eastern/central Congo region, probable", "materials": "Carved wood, dark surface patina, possible oil or pigment", "technique": "Carved, smoothed, patinated", "object_type": "Ancestor figure / standing figure", "function_use": "By comparison, possibly commemorative ancestor or lineage figure; exact identity and use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Moderate: form supports a Hemba-style ancestor-figure attribution, but specific identity and context are not confirmed.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: avoid identifying a named ancestor, lineage, or shrine context without object-specific documentation or provenance.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll074" }, { "Title": "Boa Pongdudu-Style Face Mask", "preferred_term": "Boa pongdudu mask", "legacy_title": "Untitled object 75", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "period_dynasty": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This Boa face mask has projecting circular ring-shaped ears, angular facial planes, perforated round eyes, an open mouth with exposed teeth, compact form, and dark patina. Boa pongdudu-type masks are known for large ring ears and forceful features. This example uses bold geometry to create an expressive, frontal face.", "Geographic location": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uele region", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2015-08", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Boa-style, attribution probable", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Boa peoples, probable", "place_of_creation": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uele region, probable", "place_of_use": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uele region, probable", "materials": "Carved wood, possible pigment, fiber, hair, or surface patina", "technique": "Carved, pierced, pigment-applied or patinated", "object_type": "Face mask / pongdudu-type mask", "function_use": "Possibly masquerade, protective, or social-regulatory performance; exact use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Moderate to high for Boa pongdudu-type mask based on distinctive ring ears, round eyes, and toothed mouth; exact function remains uncertain.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: keep specific performance or social role cautious without object-specific documentation or provenance.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll075" }, { "Title": "Boa-Style Standing Female Figure with Ring Ears", "preferred_term": "standing female figure", "legacy_title": "Untitled object 76", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "period_dynasty": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This Boa-style standing female figure has compact proportions, large circular ring-shaped ears, an oval head with almond-shaped eyes, straight arms held close to the torso, short bent legs, incised genital detail, and worn surface patina. The ring ears connect the figure visually to Boa sculptural forms from the Uele region. Its compact stance emphasizes bodily presence and frontality.", "Geographic location": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uele region", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2015-09", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Boa-style, attribution uncertain", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Boa peoples, possible", "place_of_creation": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uele region, possible", "place_of_use": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uele region, possible", "materials": "Carved wood, possible pigment, kaolin, oil, or surface patina", "technique": "Carved, incised, patinated", "object_type": "Standing female figure / figural sculpture", "function_use": "Possibly ancestor, prestige, protective, or personal figure; exact use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Low to moderate: ring-shaped ears support a Boa-style comparison, but public comparanda for Boa female figures are limited.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: use “Boa-style” unless stronger provenance confirms the attribution.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll076" }, { "Title": "Dan- or We-Style Face Mask with Raffia Beard", "preferred_term": "face mask with raffia beard", "legacy_title": "Untitled object 77", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "period_dynasty": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This Dan or We-related face mask has an oval facial plane, half-closed almond-shaped eyes, small pursed mouth, dense incised scarification across the forehead and cheeks, attached raffia beard, feathered crest, and dark burnished patina. The mask's polished face contrasts with the fiber and feather attachments. Its form relates to West African forest-region masking traditions.", "Geographic location": "Liberia or Côte d’Ivoire", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2015-10", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Dan or We-related peoples, attribution uncertain", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Dan peoples, We peoples, or related peoples, possible", "place_of_creation": "Liberia or Cote d’Ivoire, possible", "place_of_use": "Liberia or Cote d’Ivoire, possible", "materials": "Carved wood, raffia or plant fiber, feathers, possible pigment or encrusted patina", "technique": "Carved, incised, attached fiber and feathers, patinated", "object_type": "Face mask / masquerade mask", "function_use": "Possibly masquerade performance; exact named mask type and use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Moderate: existing metadata and public comparisons support a Dan/We regional attribution, but exact subgroup and named mask type are not confirmed.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: avoid assigning a named masquerade character without object-specific evidence.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll077" }, { "Title": "Dogon-Style Vessel Support with Paired Figures", "Creator": "Unidentified artist", "preferred_term": "vessel support", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "period_dynasty": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This Dogon-style vessel support features two kneeling figures facing one another while jointly supporting a bowl or container. The symmetrical composition, elongated limbs, and stylized faces reflect a Dogon sculptural idiom. The object transforms a vessel support into an image of balance, cooperation, and ritualized form.", "Geographic location": "Mali, Bandiagara Escarpment region", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2016-01", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "Transcript": "Paired kneeling anthropomorphic figures supporting a ritual vessel. Dogon culture, Mali. Carved wood. Late 19th–early 20th century.", "culture_community": "Dogon-style, attribution probable", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Dogon peoples, probable", "place_of_creation": "Mali, Bandiagara Escarpment region, possible", "place_of_use": "Mali, Dogon region, possible", "materials": "Carved wood, surface patina", "technique": "Carved, assembled or integrated vessel support, patinated", "object_type": "Ceremonial vessel support / figural support", "function_use": "Possibly support for a vessel, offering, shrine, or spiritual context; exact use not documented", "provenance": "Part of the Jackson State University Permanent African Art Collection. Specific acquisition history currently unknown.", "acquisition_context": "Collected for educational study, exhibition, and research within the Jackson State University Department of Art.", "attribution_confidence": "Moderate: form supports a Dogon-style vessel support attribution; exact context is undocumented.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: avoid claiming a specific shrine or ceremonial/spiritual use without object-specific documentation or provenance.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll078" }, { "Title": "Suku Hemba-Type Helmet Mask", "preferred_term": "Suku hemba mask", "legacy_title": "Untitled object 79", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "period_dynasty": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This Suku helmet mask of the hemba type has a rounded cranial form, heavy-lidded eyes, projecting nose, broad open mouth with teeth, mineral-encrusted or worn surface, and evidence of handling. Hemba-type masks are associated with Suku initiation contexts. The expressive mouth and rounded head give the mask a powerful public character.", "Geographic location": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, southwestern region", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2016-02", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Suku peoples, attribution probable", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Suku peoples", "place_of_creation": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, southwestern region, probable", "place_of_use": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, southwestern region, probable", "materials": "Carved wood, possible pigment, mineral accretions, plant fiber, reed, or metal attachments", "technique": "Carved, pigment-applied or encrusted, patinated", "object_type": "Helmet mask / hemba-type initiation mask", "function_use": "By comparison, associated with initiation and elder/ancestral imagery; exact use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Moderate to high: visual features match Suku hemba helmet-mask records; exact performer and initiation context are undocumented.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: possible initiation object; keep ritual detail limited to public-source comparisons.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll079" }, { "Title": "Yoruba Ceremonial Staff with Figural Finial", "preferred_term": "ceremonial staff", "legacy_title": "Untitled object 80", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "period_dynasty": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This Yoruba vertical ceremonial staff is carved from wood and surmounted by a squatting figure holding or supporting a vessel. Stacked geometric and mask-like motifs structure the shaft below. Yoruba carved staffs can be associated with shrine, ceremonial, or prestige contexts, where sculptural form marks spiritual and social significance.", "Geographic location": "Nigeria, Yorubaland", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2016-03", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Yoruba peoples, attribution probable", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Yoruba peoples", "place_of_creation": "Nigeria, Yorubaland, probable", "place_of_use": "Nigeria, Yorubaland, probable", "materials": "Carved wood, possible pigment or surface patina", "technique": "Carved, incised, patinated", "object_type": "Ceremonial staff / ritual staff", "function_use": "Possibly shrine, ceremonial, prestige, or ceremonial staff; exact association not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Moderate: existing metadata supports Yoruba attribution and staff form, but the specific orisha or local staff type is not confirmed.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: avoid assigning to a specific deity or society without object-specific evidence.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll080" }, { "Title": "Yoruba Gelede-Style Helmet Mask with Superstructure", "preferred_term": "Gelede helmet mask", "legacy_title": "Untitled object 81", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This Yoruba helmet mask relates to the Gelede masking tradition and presents a stylized human face with half-closed eyes, projecting nose, small mouth, dotted polychrome surface, and an openwork superstructure rising above the head. Gelede masks honor female spiritual power, social balance, and communal performance. The elevated superstructure gives the mask a lively architectural presence.", "Geographic location": "Nigeria or Benin, Yorubaland", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2016-04", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Yoruba Gelede-style, attribution probable", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Yoruba peoples, probable", "place_of_creation": "Nigeria or Benin, Yorubaland, probable", "place_of_use": "Nigeria or Benin, Yorubaland, probable", "materials": "Carved wood, pigment, possible former fiber or attachment cord", "technique": "Carved, openwork, pigment-applied", "object_type": "Helmet mask / Gelede-type mask", "function_use": "By comparison, associated with Gelede performances honoring women, elders, mothers, and community values; exact use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Moderate: visual evidence supports a Yoruba Gelede-type helmet mask; exact regional style and performance context are unconfirmed.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: avoid assigning specific iconographic meaning to the superstructure without source evidence.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll081" }, { "Title": "Chokwe Pwo or Mwana Pwo-Style Face Mask", "preferred_term": "pwo mask", "legacy_title": "Untitled object 82", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This Chokwe pwo or mwana pwo face mask has an oval face, high forehead, heavy-lidded eyes, small ears, long nose, open mouth with carved teeth, incised coiffure band, and worn light and dark patina. The mask aligns with Chokwe representations of idealized womanhood and female ancestors. Its refined features emphasize beauty, poise, and social identity.", "Geographic location": "Angola or Democratic Republic of the Congo, Chokwe region", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2016-05", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Chokwe-style, probable attribution", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Chokwe peoples, probable", "place_of_creation": "Angola or Democratic Republic of the Congo, Chokwe region, probable", "place_of_use": "Angola or Democratic Republic of the Congo, Chokwe region, probable", "materials": "Carved wood, pigment or kaolin/tukula traces, surface patina", "technique": "Carved, incised, pigment-applied, patinated", "object_type": "Face mask / pwo or mwana pwo mask", "function_use": "By comparison, associated with masquerade representations of idealized womanhood or female ancestors; exact use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Moderate to high: image closely matches Chokwe pwo/mwana pwo masks; exact local variant and performance context are undocumented.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: avoid claiming a represented individual or performance history without object-specific documentation or provenance.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll082" }, { "Title": "Chokwe-Style Seated Female Figure", "preferred_term": "seated female figure", "legacy_title": "Untitled object 83", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This Chokwe-style seated female figure has articulated or outstretched legs, elongated torso, exposed breasts, finely modeled head, half-closed eyes, incised coiffure, and dense scarification motifs across the face and body. The scarification and facial style relate to Chokwe ideals of beauty and identity. The seated pose gives the figure a grounded, self-possessed presence.", "Geographic location": "Angola or Democratic Republic of the Congo, Chokwe region", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2016-06", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Chokwe-style, attribution probable", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Chokwe peoples, probable", "place_of_creation": "Angola or Democratic Republic of the Congo, Chokwe region, probable", "place_of_use": "Angola or Democratic Republic of the Congo, Chokwe region, probable", "materials": "Carved wood, possible pigment, oil, or surface patina", "technique": "Carved, incised, patinated", "object_type": "Female figure / seated figure", "function_use": "Possibly prestige, ancestor, fertility, or personal figure; exact use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Moderate: visual features strongly suggest Chokwe female figure sculpture, but specific function and identity are not confirmed.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: avoid assigning identity or ceremonial/spiritual use without object-specific documentation or provenance.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll083" }, { "Title": "Dan Ceremonial Spoon or Feast Ladle (Wunkirmian/Wakemia Type)", "preferred_term": "ceremonial spoon", "legacy_title": "Untitled object 84", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This Dan ceremonial spoon or feast ladle has a large oval bowl and a long handle surmounted by a stylized female head with incised coiffure and facial features. Dan spoons, often called wunkirmian or wakemia, are prestige objects associated with hospitality, generosity, and women honored for feast-making roles. The object joins utility, sculpture, and social recognition.", "Geographic location": "Liberia or Côte d’Ivoire, Dan region", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2017-12", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Dan peoples", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Dan peoples", "place_of_creation": "Liberia or Cote d’Ivoire, Dan region", "place_of_use": "Liberia or Cote d’Ivoire, Dan region", "materials": "Carved wood, handled surface patina", "technique": "Carved, smoothed, patinated", "object_type": "Ceremonial spoon / feast ladle / wunkirmian or wakemia type", "function_use": "Prestige ladle associated by comparison with feast-making, hospitality, and women’s status; object-specific history not documented", "attribution_confidence": "High for Dan ceremonial spoon type based on image and close museum parallels; owner and local history remain undocumented.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: avoid identifying a named owner or specific title-holder without object-specific documentation or provenance.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll084" }, { "Title": "Central African Face Mask with Ridged Coiffure", "preferred_term": "face mask", "legacy_title": "Untitled object 85", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This Central African wooden mask has half-closed slit eyes, a long straight nose, open rectangular mouth, broad rounded face, weathered pigment, and a high ridged coiffure or crest. The refined modeling and ribbed coiffure relate to Chokwe or Pende-related mask traditions. Its calm face contrasts with the strong vertical crest.", "Geographic location": "Angola or Democratic Republic of the Congo", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2017-02", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Chokwe or Pende-related Central African peoples, attribution uncertain", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Chokwe peoples, Pende peoples, or related peoples, possible", "place_of_creation": "Angola or Democratic Republic of the Congo, uncertain", "place_of_use": "Angola or Democratic Republic of the Congo, uncertain", "materials": "Carved wood, pigment, surface patina", "technique": "Carved, incised, pigment-applied, patinated", "object_type": "Face mask / masquerade mask", "function_use": "Possibly masquerade performance; exact use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Low to moderate: image suggests Chokwe or Pende-related Central African mask traditions, but distinguishing features are insufficient for firm attribution.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: avoid assigning a named mask type without additional evidence.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll085" }, { "Title": "Small Central African Maskette", "preferred_term": "maskette", "legacy_title": "Untitled object 86", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This small dark wooden maskette has an elongated oval face, rounded forehead, shallow pierced eyes, worn dark surface, and pointed lower chin. Its compact scale suggests a personal or association object rather than a full performance mask. The reduced features create an intimate, quietly expressive face.", "Geographic location": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, eastern Congo region", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2017-03", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Central African peoples, possibly Lega-related, attribution uncertain", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Lega or related peoples, possible", "place_of_creation": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, possibly eastern Congo region", "place_of_use": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, possibly eastern Congo region", "materials": "Carved wood, dark surface patina, possible pigment", "technique": "Carved, pierced, patinated", "object_type": "Maskette / small face mask", "function_use": "Possibly association, initiation, or personal object; exact use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Low: image suggests a Central African maskette, possibly Lega-related, but evidence is insufficient for firm attribution.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: keep attribution and function tentative without stronger evidence.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll086" }, { "Title": "Lega Lukwakongo-Style Maskette", "preferred_term": "Lega maskette", "legacy_title": "Untitled object 87", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This small light-colored Lega-type maskette has a rounded forehead, long narrow projecting nose, small oval eye openings, and elongated lower face. The pale surface recalls kaolin-coated Bwami maskettes. Its compact form and softened modeling relate to lukwakongo-type Lega objects used for instruction and rank.", "Geographic location": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, eastern Congo region", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2017-05", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Lega-style, likely Lega peoples", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Lega peoples, probable", "place_of_creation": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, eastern Congo region, probable", "place_of_use": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, eastern Congo region, probable", "materials": "Carved wood, light pigment or kaolin, surface patina", "technique": "Carved, pierced, pigment-applied, patinated", "object_type": "Maskette / lukwakongo-type mask / Bwami association object", "function_use": "By comparison, associated with Bwami initiation and rank instruction; exact object meaning not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Moderate to high: image matches Lega lukwakongo-type maskettes, though exact Bwami category is undocumented.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: possible initiation-society or association object; keep grade and meaning descriptions cautious.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll087" }, { "Title": "Lega Lukwakongo-Style Maskette", "preferred_term": "Lega maskette", "legacy_title": "Untitled object 88", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This small Lega-type maskette has a heart-shaped face framed by raised brow and cheek planes, a central vertical ridge, small pierced eyes, pointed lower face, and worn light and dark surface. The heart-shaped face and compact scale relate to Lega lukwakongo-type maskettes. Its graphic simplicity gives the object a memorable presence.", "Geographic location": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, eastern Congo region", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2017-07", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Lega-style, likely Lega peoples", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Lega peoples, probable", "place_of_creation": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, eastern Congo region, probable", "place_of_use": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, eastern Congo region, probable", "materials": "Carved wood, pigment or kaolin traces, surface patina", "technique": "Carved, pierced, pigment-applied, patinated", "object_type": "Maskette / lukwakongo-type mask / Bwami association object", "function_use": "By comparison, associated with Bwami initiation and rank instruction; exact object meaning not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Moderate to high: image closely matches Lega lukwakongo-type maskettes; exact Bwami grade and meaning are undocumented.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: possible initiation-society or association object; avoid unsupported details of restricted meaning.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll088" }, { "Title": "Oval Face Mask with Red Eye Accents", "preferred_term": "oval face mask", "legacy_title": "Untitled object 89", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This oval face mask has a rounded forehead, oval eyes edged with reddish pigment, a long straight nose, open oval mouth, dark surface, and vertical red and light markings down the face. The mask's strong central axis and painted accents create a visually direct expression. Its form relates broadly to Central or West-Central African masking traditions.", "Geographic location": "Central or West-Central Africa", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2017-08", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Unidentified Central or West-Central African peoples", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Unidentified", "place_of_creation": "Central or West-Central Africa, exact place unknown", "place_of_use": "Central or West-Central Africa, exact place unknown", "materials": "Carved wood, pigment, surface patina", "technique": "Carved, pierced, pigment-applied, patinated", "object_type": "Face mask / masquerade mask", "function_use": "Possibly masquerade performance; exact use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Low: image shows an African face mask but diagnostic cultural features are insufficient for a confident attribution.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: descriptive title is preferable until stronger evidence supports a specific attribution.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll089" }, { "Title": "Lega Lukwakongo-Style Maskette with Raffia Beard", "preferred_term": "Lega maskette", "legacy_title": "Untitled object 90", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This small Lega-type maskette has an elongated oval face, half-closed slit eyes, long straight nose, small mouth, light and dark patina, and attached plant-fiber beard. The pale surface traces and fiber beard relate closely to Lega lukwakongo maskettes associated with Bwami society. Its reduced features encourage close, contemplative viewing.", "Geographic location": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, eastern Congo region", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2017-10", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Lega-style, likely Lega peoples", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Lega peoples, probable", "place_of_creation": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, eastern Congo region, probable", "place_of_use": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, eastern Congo region, probable", "materials": "Carved wood, plant fiber or raffia beard, pigment or kaolin traces, surface patina", "technique": "Carved, pierced, pigment-applied, fiber attachment", "object_type": "Maskette / lukwakongo-style mask / Bwami association object", "function_use": "By comparison, associated with Bwami initiation and rank instruction; exact object meaning not documented", "attribution_confidence": "High: image closely matches Lega lukwakongo maskettes with fiber beards; exact grade and meaning are undocumented.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: possible initiation-society or association object; describe respectfully and avoid unsupported restricted meanings.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll090" }, { "Title": "Lega-Style Face Mask", "preferred_term": "face mask", "legacy_title": "Untitled object 91", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This large oval wooden face mask has a broad rounded forehead, long central nose, small mouth, hollowed oval eyes, concave facial planes, and dark gray-brown surface. The abstract heart-like facial structure recalls Lega Bwami masks and related eastern Congolese mask traditions. Its broad planes create a calm, monumental face.", "Geographic location": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, eastern Congo region", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2017-11", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Lega-style or related Central African, attribution uncertain", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Lega peoples, possible", "place_of_creation": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, possibly eastern Congo region", "place_of_use": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, possibly eastern Congo region", "materials": "Carved wood, dark pigment or surface patina", "technique": "Carved, pierced, patinated", "object_type": "Face mask / possible Bwami association mask", "function_use": "Possibly associated with Bwami or related instruction/initiation contexts; exact use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Low to moderate: visual features suggest Lega or Lega-related mask traditions, but exact type and function are not confirmed.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: possible association object; keep function and grade descriptions cautious.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll091" }, { "Title": "Chokwe Pwo or Mwana Pwo-Style Face Mask", "preferred_term": "pwo mask", "legacy_title": "Untitled object 92", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This Chokwe-type face mask has a light-toned face, half-closed almond-shaped eyes, long straight nose, small square mouth, incised cheek and forehead scarification, and side fiber or raffia elements. The facial ideal, scarification, and coiffure treatment relate to pwo or mwana pwo masking traditions. The mask emphasizes beauty through stillness, symmetry, and refined detail.", "Geographic location": "Angola or Democratic Republic of the Congo, Chokwe region", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2017-01", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Chokwe-style, probable attribution", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Chokwe peoples, probable", "place_of_creation": "Angola or Democratic Republic of the Congo, Chokwe region, probable", "place_of_use": "Angola or Democratic Republic of the Congo, Chokwe region, probable", "materials": "Carved wood, pigment or kaolin, plant fiber or raffia, surface patina", "technique": "Carved, incised, pigment-applied, fiber attachment", "object_type": "Face mask / pwo or mwana pwo mask", "function_use": "By comparison, associated with masquerade representations of idealized womanhood or female ancestors; exact use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Moderate to high: image matches Chokwe pwo/mwana pwo mask features; exact local variant is undocumented.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: avoid claiming the identity of a represented woman or performance history without object-specific documentation or provenance.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll092" }, { "Title": "Dan-We, Kran, or Grebo-Style Face Mask", "preferred_term": "face mask", "legacy_title": "Untitled object 93", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This elongated mask has sharply pointed ear- or horn-like projections, a long central nose ridge, narrow downcast eyes, white facial surface with black markings, and a dark upper surface. The assertive silhouette relates to Dan-We, Kran, Grebo, and neighboring West African forest-region masks. The contrast of pale face and dark upper form gives it a dramatic presence.", "Geographic location": "Liberia or Côte d’Ivoire", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2017-04", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Dan-We, Kran, Grebo, or related West African forest-region peoples, attribution uncertain", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Dan, We, Kran, or Grebo peoples, possible", "place_of_creation": "Liberia or Cote d’Ivoire, possible", "place_of_use": "Liberia or Cote d’Ivoire, possible", "materials": "Carved wood, pigment, possible former fiber attachments", "technique": "Carved, pigment-applied, patinated", "object_type": "Face mask / masquerade mask", "function_use": "Possibly masquerade performance; exact named character and use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Low to moderate: image suggests a Dan-We/Kran/Grebo regional mask, but exact subgroup and named type are not confirmed.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: avoid assigning a named mask character without object-specific documentation or provenance or costume context.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll093" }, { "Title": "Kete- or Kuba-Style Face Mask", "preferred_term": "face mask", "legacy_title": "Untitled object 94", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This wooden face mask has an elongated oval face, sharply projecting central nose ridge, narrow slanted eyes, small horizontal mouth, dark and reddish-brown pigment, striated side panels, and fiber edging. Its angular features and surface patterning relate to Kete or Kuba-related masks from the Kasai region of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The mask's elongated face creates a strong vertical rhythm.", "Geographic location": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kasai region", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2017-06", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Kete or Kuba-related peoples, attribution uncertain", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Kete peoples, Kuba peoples, or related Kasai-region peoples, possible", "place_of_creation": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kasai region, possible", "place_of_use": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kasai region, possible", "materials": "Carved wood, pigment, plant fiber or raffia, surface patina", "technique": "Carved, incised, pigment-applied, fiber attachment", "object_type": "Face mask / masquerade mask", "function_use": "Possibly masquerade performance; exact mask name and use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Moderate: image closely resembles Kete/Kuba mask forms, but exact subgroup, name, and performance context are undocumented.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: keep Kasai/Kete/Kuba attribution qualified unless a source confirms the exact mask type.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll094" }, { "Title": "West-Central African White-Face Mask", "preferred_term": "white-face mask", "legacy_title": "Untitled object 95", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This elongated black-and-white face mask has a domed cap-like crown, long narrow face, prominent central ridge or nose, small oval eyes, pointed lower face, and contrasting light pigment on the upper face. The white facial field and abstract structure relate to West-Central African white-mask traditions. Its stark color contrast gives the object graphic force.", "Geographic location": "Gabon, Republic of the Congo, or neighboring West-Central Africa", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2017-09", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "West-Central African peoples, attribution uncertain", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Unidentified; possibly Gabon/Congo region peoples", "place_of_creation": "Gabon, Republic of the Congo, or neighboring West-Central Africa, uncertain", "place_of_use": "Gabon, Republic of the Congo, or neighboring West-Central Africa, uncertain", "materials": "Carved wood, black and white pigment or kaolin, surface patina", "technique": "Carved, pigment-applied, patinated", "object_type": "Face mask / white-face mask", "function_use": "Possibly masquerade performance; exact use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Low: visual features suggest West-Central African white-mask traditions, but diagnostic evidence is insufficient for confident attribution.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: descriptive title is safer than naming a specific people or society without corroborating evidence.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll095" }, { "Title": "Fon- or Ewe-Fon-Style Power Figure (Bocio Type)", "preferred_term": "bocio-type power figure", "legacy_title": "Untitled object 96", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This composite power figure has a carved wooden head and post-like base, cloth-wrapped body, fiber bindings, cowrie shells, cords, and accumulated surface materials. The wrappings and cowries create a dense protective form. Its construction relates to Fon or Ewe-Fon bocio power objects from Benin and neighboring areas.", "Geographic location": "Benin or neighboring West Africa", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2018-13", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Fon or Ewe-Fon-style, attribution uncertain", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Fon peoples or related Ewe-Fon peoples, possible", "place_of_creation": "Benin or neighboring West Africa, possible", "place_of_use": "Benin or neighboring West Africa, possible", "materials": "Carved wood, cloth, cowrie shells, fiber, cord, leather or hide, possible organic accretions", "technique": "Carved, wrapped, bound, assembled, accretive surface treatment", "object_type": "Power figure / bocio-type composite ceremonial or spiritually significant object", "function_use": "Possibly protective, healing, divinatory, or oath-related power object; exact use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Moderate: image strongly resembles Fon/Ewe-Fon bocio power objects; object-specific provenance and contents are undocumented.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: potentially culturally or spiritually sensitive object; avoid identifying inserted materials, contents, or ceremonial or spiritual purpose beyond visible evidence and documented comparanda.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll096" }, { "Title": "Chokwe Pwo or Mwana Pwo-Style Face Mask", "preferred_term": "pwo mask", "legacy_title": "Untitled object 97", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This wooden face mask has an oval face, incised striated coiffure, half-closed eyes, long narrow nose, open rectangular mouth, reddish-brown surface, and incised facial markings. The refined face, calm expression, and coiffure closely recall Chokwe pwo or mwana pwo masks. Its measured features convey poise and idealized beauty.", "Geographic location": "Angola or Democratic Republic of the Congo, Chokwe region", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2018-03", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Chokwe-style, probable attribution", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Chokwe peoples, probable", "place_of_creation": "Angola or Democratic Republic of the Congo, Chokwe region, probable", "place_of_use": "Angola or Democratic Republic of the Congo, Chokwe region, probable", "materials": "Carved wood, pigment, surface patina", "technique": "Carved, incised, pigment-applied, patinated", "object_type": "Face mask / pwo or mwana pwo-type mask", "function_use": "By comparison, associated with masquerade representations of idealized womanhood or female ancestors; exact use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Moderate: image supports a Chokwe pwo/mwana pwo-type attribution, but exact local variant and use are undocumented.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: use “style” or “type” unless provenance confirms a specific Chokwe community and performance context.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll097" }, { "Title": "Yaka- or Suku-Style Initiation Mask (Ndeemba/Kholuka Type)", "preferred_term": "initiation mask", "legacy_title": "Untitled object 98", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This Yaka or Suku-related initiation mask has a white-painted wooden face, square eye openings, projecting central nose ridge, small mouth, vertical nasal detail, dark cap or crown, and large raffia collar. The form parallels Ndeemba or Kholuka masks associated with mukanda or n-khanda initiation contexts in southwestern Democratic Republic of the Congo. The raffia collar would have animated the mask in performance.", "Geographic location": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, southwestern region", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2018-02", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Yaka or Suku-style, attribution probable", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Yaka peoples or Suku peoples, probable", "place_of_creation": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, southwestern region, probable", "place_of_use": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, southwestern region, probable", "materials": "Carved wood, white pigment or kaolin, plant fiber or raffia, possible cloth and cord", "technique": "Carved, pigment-applied, fiber attachment, assembled costume element", "object_type": "Initiation mask / helmet or face mask with raffia collar", "function_use": "By comparison, associated with boys’ initiation performances; exact local name and use are not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Moderate to high: image matches Yaka/Suku initiation masks with carved face and raffia collar; exact named type is uncertain.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: possible initiation object; avoid describing restricted meanings beyond public museum references.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll098" }, { "Title": "Central African Face Mask with Incised Linear Markings", "preferred_term": "face mask", "legacy_title": "Untitled object 99", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This Central African wooden mask has an elongated oval face, half-closed slit eyes, long straight nose, open oval mouth, red-brown and dark pigment fields, and incised linear markings on the forehead and cheeks. The calm facial treatment relates to Chokwe, Pende, and related Central African mask traditions. Its balanced face and warm surface tones create a composed presence.", "Geographic location": "Angola or Democratic Republic of the Congo", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2018-04", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Central African peoples, possibly Chokwe or Pende-related, attribution uncertain", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Chokwe, Pende, or related peoples, possible", "place_of_creation": "Angola or Democratic Republic of the Congo, uncertain", "place_of_use": "Angola or Democratic Republic of the Congo, uncertain", "materials": "Carved wood, pigment, surface patina", "technique": "Carved, incised, pigment-applied, patinated", "object_type": "Face mask / masquerade mask", "function_use": "Possibly masquerade performance; exact use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Low to moderate: visual evidence suggests Central African mask traditions but is insufficient for a firm cultural attribution.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: avoid assigning a specific named mask type without stronger provenance or comparative evidence.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll099" }, { "Title": "Kasai-Region Style Painted Face Mask", "preferred_term": "painted face mask", "legacy_title": "Untitled object 100", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This rounded wooden mask has bold black and reddish-brown pigment fields, rectangular eye slits, long central nose, square open mouth with carved teeth, white painted markings, and fiber edging. The geometric color arrangement relates to Kasai-region masks from the Democratic Republic of the Congo, including Kuba-Kete or Pende-related traditions. The mask's sharp contrasts create a vivid public face.", "Geographic location": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kasai region", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2018-01", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Kasai-region peoples, possibly Kuba-Kete or Pende-related, attribution uncertain", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Kuba, Kete, Pende, or related peoples, possible", "place_of_creation": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kasai region, possible", "place_of_use": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kasai region, possible", "materials": "Carved wood, pigment, plant fiber or raffia, surface patina", "technique": "Carved, pierced, pigment-applied, fiber attachment", "object_type": "Painted face mask / masquerade mask", "function_use": "Possibly masquerade performance; exact mask type and use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Low to moderate: visual evidence suggests a Kasai-region mask, possibly Kuba-Kete or Pende-related, but exact attribution is uncertain.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: keep Kasai attribution tentative until a source confirms the mask type or people.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll100" }, { "Title": "Lega Lukwakongo-Style Maskette with Raffia Beard", "preferred_term": "Lega maskette", "legacy_title": "Untitled object 101", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This small Lega-type maskette has a rounded oval or heart-shaped face, small pierced eyes, long central nose ridge, small mouth, light kaolin-like surface, and attached plant-fiber beard or collar. The pale surface and fiber attachment closely relate to Lega lukwakongo maskettes associated with Bwami society. Its compact form invites close viewing.", "Geographic location": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, eastern Congo region", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2018-05", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Lega-style, likely Lega peoples", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Lega peoples, probable", "place_of_creation": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, eastern Congo region, probable", "place_of_use": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, eastern Congo region, probable", "materials": "Carved wood, kaolin or light pigment, plant fiber or raffia, surface patina", "technique": "Carved, pierced, pigment-applied, fiber attachment", "object_type": "Maskette / lukwakongo-style mask / Bwami association object", "function_use": "By comparison, associated with Bwami initiation and rank instruction; exact object meaning not documented", "attribution_confidence": "High for Lega lukwakongo-style identification from visible features; exact grade and meaning are undocumented.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: possible initiation-society or association object; describe respectfully and avoid unsupported details of restricted meaning.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll101" }, { "Title": "Central African Ceremonial Staff or Implement", "preferred_term": "ceremonial staff or implement", "legacy_title": "Untitled object 102", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This wooden staff-like ceremonial implement has a long shaft, rounded finial, and attached curved secondary element or blade-like projection. The object relates to Central African prestige staffs, ritual implements, or insignia. Its long, asymmetrical silhouette gives it the character of a handled object meant to mark status or ceremonial action.", "Geographic location": "Central Africa", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2018-06", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Central African peoples, attribution uncertain", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Unidentified", "place_of_creation": "Central Africa, exact place unknown", "place_of_use": "Central Africa, exact place unknown", "materials": "Carved wood, pigment or surface patina", "technique": "Carved, assembled or joined element, patinated", "object_type": "Ceremonial staff / ritual implement / staff-like object", "function_use": "Possibly prestige, ceremonial, or ceremonial implement; exact use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Low: image shows a staff-like African object but attribution and function are uncertain.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: avoid assigning a named function or culture without additional views or provenance.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll102" }, { "Title": "Luba-Style Figural Divination Rattle", "preferred_term": "figural divination rattle", "legacy_title": "Untitled object 103", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This Luba-style ritual rattle is composed of stacked spherical resonator forms surmounted by a small anthropomorphic figure. Luba figural rattles are associated with divination, consultation, and ritual sound. The object joins sculptural imagery with the physical action of shaking and listening.", "Geographic location": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, Luba region", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2018-07", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Luba-style, attribution probable but not documented", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Luba peoples, probable", "place_of_creation": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, Luba region, probable", "place_of_use": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, Luba region, probable", "materials": "Carved wood, possible seeds or pellets inside rattle chambers, surface patina", "technique": "Carved, assembled or hollowed rattle chambers, patinated", "object_type": "Divination rattle / ritual sound instrument", "function_use": "Possibly divination, healing, or ritual consultation; exact use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Moderate to high: image closely matches Luba figural rattles with stacked resonators; exact local name and contents are undocumented.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: avoid identifying contents or practitioner context beyond visual evidence.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll103" }, { "Title": "Luba-Style Figural Divination Rattle", "preferred_term": "figural divination rattle", "legacy_title": "Untitled object 104", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This Luba-style ritual rattle is carved from dark wood with a small figure finial above stacked spherical rattle chambers. In Luba-related ritual contexts, sound, handling, and figural imagery could work together in divination or consultation. The stacked forms create a rhythmic sculptural profile.", "Geographic location": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, Luba region", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2018-08", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Luba-style, attribution probable but not documented", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Luba peoples, probable", "place_of_creation": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, Luba region, probable", "place_of_use": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, Luba region, probable", "materials": "Carved wood, possible seeds or pellets inside rattle chambers, dark surface patina", "technique": "Carved, assembled or hollowed rattle chambers, patinated", "object_type": "Divination rattle / ritual sound instrument", "function_use": "Possibly divination, healing, or ritual consultation; exact use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Moderate to high: image closely matches Luba figural rattles with stacked resonators; exact local name and contents are undocumented.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: avoid identifying contents or practitioner context beyond visual evidence.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll104" }, { "Title": "Central African Standing Figure", "preferred_term": "standing figure", "legacy_title": "Untitled object 105", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This small standing anthropomorphic figure has a large rounded helmet-like head, segmented body, flaring lower limbs, and simplified features. The form relates broadly to Central African figure sculpture, including Luba, Hemba, Lega, and related traditions of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Its compact body and oversized head create a bold, frontal silhouette.", "Geographic location": "Democratic Republic of the Congo or neighboring Central Africa", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2018-09", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Central African peoples, attribution uncertain", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Luba, Hemba, Lega, or related peoples, possible", "place_of_creation": "Democratic Republic of the Congo or neighboring Central Africa, uncertain", "place_of_use": "Democratic Republic of the Congo or neighboring Central Africa, uncertain", "materials": "Carved wood, pigment or surface patina", "technique": "Carved, incised, patinated", "object_type": "Standing figure / anthropomorphic figure", "function_use": "Possibly personal, ancestor, or ritual figure; exact use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Low: visual evidence indicates a Central African anthropomorphic figure but not a confident cultural attribution.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: keep attribution broad until more evidence is available.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll105" }, { "Title": "Central African Standing Female Figure", "preferred_term": "standing female figure", "legacy_title": "Untitled object 106", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This small standing female figure is carved from dark wood with a large rounded coiffure or head form, simplified face, exposed breasts, compact torso, and short legs. The figure relates broadly to Central African female figure traditions, possibly Luba or Hemba-related. Its reduced form emphasizes bodily presence and stillness.", "Geographic location": "Democratic Republic of the Congo or neighboring Central Africa", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2018-11", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Central African peoples, attribution uncertain", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Luba, Hemba, or related peoples, possible", "place_of_creation": "Democratic Republic of the Congo or neighboring Central Africa, uncertain", "place_of_use": "Democratic Republic of the Congo or neighboring Central Africa, uncertain", "materials": "Carved wood, dark surface patina, possible pigment", "technique": "Carved, patinated", "object_type": "Standing female figure / figural sculpture", "function_use": "Possibly personal, ancestral, fertility-related, or prestige figure; exact use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Low: image suggests Central African female figure sculpture, but diagnostic cultural features are insufficient.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: avoid assigning a specific ethnic group or ceremonial/spiritual function without object-specific evidence.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll106" }, { "Title": "Gourd or Container with Figural Stopper", "preferred_term": "gourd-form container with figural stopper", "legacy_title": "Untitled object 107", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This gourd-form object or container combines a polished mottled globular vessel body with a small carved anthropomorphic figure attached at the top. Figural gourd and calabash containers occur in several East and Central African ceremonial, therapeutic, and personal-object traditions. The contrast between smooth vessel and carved figure gives the object a distinctive sculptural character.", "Geographic location": "East or Central Africa", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2018-10", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Unidentified East or Central African peoples", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Unidentified", "place_of_creation": "East or Central Africa, exact place unknown", "place_of_use": "East or Central Africa, exact place unknown", "materials": "Gourd or calabash, carved wood, pigment or resin, possible fiber or binding materials", "technique": "Carved, assembled, polished or resin-coated", "object_type": "Gourd-form vessel / container with figure", "function_use": "Possibly divination, storage, ceremonial, spiritual, or therapeutic container; exact use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Low: object form is visible and supports a broad East/Central African container comparison, but cultural attribution and function are not securely identifiable.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: attribution remains broad and image-based; avoid assigning a specific people, country, or ceremonial/spiritual function without object-specific documentation or provenance.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll107" }, { "Title": "Central African Prestige Knife and Sheath", "preferred_term": "prestige knife and sheath", "legacy_title": "Untitled object 108", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This ceremonial or prestige knife with sheath includes a narrow blade or knife form, rounded or leaf-shaped sheath, carved handle, fiber or cord attachments, and worn surface. The object relates to Central African prestige weapon and insignia traditions. Its compact form suggests an object valued as much for social meaning as for function.", "Geographic location": "Democratic Republic of the Congo or neighboring Central Africa", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2018-14", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Central African peoples, attribution uncertain", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Mangbetu, Kuyu, Yakoma, or related peoples, possible", "place_of_creation": "Democratic Republic of the Congo or neighboring Central Africa, uncertain", "place_of_use": "Democratic Republic of the Congo or neighboring Central Africa, uncertain", "materials": "Metal blade, carved wood, leather or hide sheath, fiber or cord, pigment or patina", "technique": "Forged, carved, sheathed, bound", "object_type": "Prestige knife / knife and sheath / ceremonial weapon", "function_use": "Possibly prestige, status, ceremonial, or personal weapon; exact use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Low to moderate: image shows a Central African knife/sheath form, but exact cultural attribution is uncertain.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: avoid assigning a specific weapon name or people without stronger evidence.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll108" }, { "Title": "Composite Power Object or Amulet on Hide Backing", "preferred_term": "composite power object", "legacy_title": "Untitled object 109", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This composite object or amulet is mounted on a rectangular hide or textile backing with fiber bindings, a small central carved figure or charm, cord loops, and attached organic and composite materials. The layered construction suggests a protective or spiritually significant object. Its materials create a concentrated surface of binding, attachment, and display.", "Geographic location": "Central or West-Central Africa", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2018-12", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Central or West-Central African peoples, attribution uncertain", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Unidentified", "place_of_creation": "Central or West-Central Africa, exact place unknown", "place_of_use": "Central or West-Central Africa, exact place unknown", "materials": "Hide or leather, textile, carved wood, fiber or cord, pigment, possible metal and organic materials", "technique": "Assembled, bound, wrapped, attached mixed media", "object_type": "Composite power object / amulet / charm bundle", "function_use": "Possibly protective, healing, divinatory, or spiritually significant object; exact use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Low: mixed-media power-object form is visible, but cultural attribution and specific function are uncertain.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: potentially culturally or spiritually sensitive object; avoid naming contents, inserted or empowering materials, or ceremonial/spiritual role without object-specific evidence.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll109" }, { "Title": "Luba-Style Figural Rattle with Female Figure", "preferred_term": "figural rattle", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This wooden rattle is composed of a carved female figure handle above three stacked hollow seed-pod or gourd-like resonators with small sound holes. The figure has an elongated torso, bent legs, carved breasts, incised abdominal motifs, and a dark polished surface. The form relates to Luba figural and divination rattles.", "Geographic location": "Democratic Republic of the Congo", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2018-15", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Luba-style, attribution uncertain", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Luba peoples, possible", "place_of_creation": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, possible", "place_of_use": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, possible", "materials": "Carved wood, seed pods or gourds, seeds, fiber or cord, pigment or patina", "technique": "Carved, incised, assembled, bound, patinated", "object_type": "Figural rattle / divination rattle", "function_use": "Possibly divination, healing, or ritual sound instrument; exact use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Low to moderate: object form compares to Luba figural rattles, but object-specific attribution is undocumented.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: avoid identifying contents or specialist use beyond visible structure.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll110" }, { "Title": "Dan-Style Face Mask with Cowrie and Fiber Attachments", "preferred_term": "face mask with attachments", "legacy_title": "Untitled object 111", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This carved wooden face mask has a dark oval face, high rounded forehead, narrow slit eyes, long vertical nose, small open mouth, and attached cloth, fiber, feather, button, and shell or disc ornaments. The smooth dark face recalls Dan-style masks from Liberia and Cote d'Ivoire. The mixed attachments add texture, motion, and ceremonial presence.", "Geographic location": "Liberia or Côte d’Ivoire", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2018-16", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Dan-style or related West African forest-region, attribution uncertain", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Dan peoples or related peoples, possible", "place_of_creation": "Liberia or Cote d’Ivoire, possible", "place_of_use": "Liberia or Cote d’Ivoire, possible", "materials": "Carved wood, cloth, fiber, feathers, buttons or shell/disc ornaments, cord, pigment or patina", "technique": "Carved, pierced, assembled with attachments, patinated", "object_type": "Face mask / masquerade mask", "function_use": "Possibly masquerade performance; exact named mask type and use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Low to moderate: facial form suggests Dan-style masking; attachments and provenance uncertainty prevent firm attribution.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: avoid assigning a specific Dan mask name without costume/use documentation.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll111" }, { "Title": "Yaka- or Suku-Style Janus Power Figure", "preferred_term": "Janus figure", "legacy_title": "Untitled object 112", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "period_dynasty": "20th century", "Description": "This small seated Janus-style figure has two opposed heads sharing a compact body, bent knees, hands placed along the torso, and simplified facial features. Double-headed figures are known in Yaka and Suku-related western Congolese contexts, where paired faces can suggest power, spirit presence, or multiple directions of sight. The figure's compact form emphasizes duality.", "Geographic location": "Southwestern Democratic Republic of the Congo", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2018-17", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Yaka or Suku-style, attribution uncertain", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Yaka peoples or Suku peoples, possible", "place_of_creation": "Southwestern Democratic Republic of the Congo, possible", "place_of_use": "Southwestern Democratic Republic of the Congo, possible", "materials": "Carved wood, pigment or surface patina", "technique": "Carved, patinated", "object_type": "Janus figure / possible power figure", "function_use": "Possibly protective, spirit, divination, or power-object context; exact use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Low to moderate: Janus form supports Yaka/Suku comparison; no close object-specific public match is confirmed.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: keep function and named power associations tentative without object-specific documentation or provenance.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll112" }, { "Title": "Luba- or Hemba-Style Figural Rattle with Gourd Resonator", "preferred_term": "figural rattle", "legacy_title": "Untitled object 113", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This wooden figural rattle has a carved human head and long neck rising above looped arms or openwork supports, attached to a rounded gourd-like resonator with vertical grooves and fiber bindings. The form relates to Central African figural, divination, and dance rattles, especially Luba or Hemba-related examples. Its openwork structure gives the object a lively profile.", "Geographic location": "Democratic Republic of the Congo", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2018-18", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Luba or Hemba-style, attribution uncertain", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Luba peoples or Hemba peoples, possible", "place_of_creation": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, possible", "place_of_use": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, possible", "materials": "Carved wood, gourd or seed-pod resonator, fiber or cord, seeds or internal rattling material, patina", "technique": "Carved, incised, assembled, bound", "object_type": "Figural rattle / divination or dance rattle", "function_use": "Possibly divination, healing, dance, or ritual sound instrument; exact use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Moderate for rattle identification; low to moderate for Luba/Hemba attribution based on visual comparison only.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: avoid claiming ritual specialist use or contents beyond visible rattle structure.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll113" }, { "Title": "Standing Power Figure with Bindings and Metal Inserts", "preferred_term": "standing power figure", "legacy_title": "Untitled object 114", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This standing human figure has an elongated torso, rounded head, projecting facial features, arms held close to the sides, fiber bindings around the waist, and a vertical row of inserted metal or tack-like elements down the front. The additions and bindings relate to Central African power-object traditions. The figure's surface suggests both adornment and activation.", "Geographic location": "Democratic Republic of the Congo or Republic of the Congo", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2018-19", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Central African, possibly Kongo or Teke, attribution uncertain", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Kongo peoples or Teke peoples, possible", "place_of_creation": "Democratic Republic of the Congo or Republic of the Congo, possible", "place_of_use": "Democratic Republic of the Congo or Republic of the Congo, possible", "materials": "Carved wood, fiber or cord, metal tacks or inserted elements, pigment or patina", "technique": "Carved, bound, inserted metal elements, patinated", "object_type": "Power figure / ritual figure", "function_use": "Possibly protective, healing, judicial, or personal spiritually significant object; exact use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Low: visible power-object features support a broad Central African attribution, but exact group and function are uncertain.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: potentially culturally or spiritually sensitive object; avoid identifying contents or use beyond visible evidence and documented comparanda.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll114" }, { "Title": "Kongo- or Teke-Style Standing Power Figure with Wrapped Abdomen", "preferred_term": "standing power figure", "legacy_title": "Untitled object 115", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This standing human figure has a dark polished surface, simplified face, rounded head, arms held to the sides, and cloth with red cord wrapping around the torso and base. The wrapped abdominal area draws attention to the body's center as a zone of covering, containment, or activation. Its form relates to Central African power-figure traditions.", "Geographic location": "Democratic Republic of the Congo or Republic of the Congo", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2018-20", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Central African, possibly Kongo or Teke, attribution uncertain", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Kongo peoples or Teke peoples, possible", "place_of_creation": "Democratic Republic of the Congo or Republic of the Congo, possible", "place_of_use": "Democratic Republic of the Congo or Republic of the Congo, possible", "materials": "Carved wood, cloth or hide, fiber or cord, pigment or patina", "technique": "Carved, wrapped, assembled, patinated", "object_type": "Power figure / ritual figure", "function_use": "Possibly protective, healing, judicial, or personal spiritually significant object; exact use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Low: wrappings suggest a Central African power-object comparison, but exact group and function are uncertain.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: potentially culturally or spiritually sensitive object; avoid identifying contents or ceremonial/spiritual role without object-specific evidence.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll115" }, { "Title": "West African Figural Slingshot", "preferred_term": "figural slingshot", "legacy_title": "Untitled object 116", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This carved wooden slingshot has two long forked arms and an anthropomorphic handle in the form of a standing figure with elongated head, narrow face, long neck, torso, and projecting abdomen. Figural slingshots are known in several West African traditions, including Baule and Lobi-associated examples. The object transforms a functional tool into a sculptural figure.", "Geographic location": "Côte d’Ivoire or Burkina Faso/Ghana borderlands", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "TC-2015-01", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "West African peoples, possibly Baule or Lobi, attribution uncertain", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Baule peoples or Lobi peoples, possible", "place_of_creation": "Cote d’Ivoire or Burkina Faso/Ghana borderlands, possible", "place_of_use": "West Africa, possible", "materials": "Carved wood, patina", "technique": "Carved, smoothed, patinated", "object_type": "Figural slingshot", "function_use": "Hunting tool, personal object, or carved prestige item; exact use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Low to moderate for object type; low for cultural attribution because figural slingshots occur in multiple West African traditions.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: cultural group should remain broad without object-specific documentation or provenance.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll116" }, { "Title": "Seated Couple Figure", "preferred_term": "seated couple figure", "legacy_title": "Untitled object 117", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This carved wooden sculpture shows two seated figures joined side by side on a shared base. The figures have simplified rounded heads, incised facial features, compact torsos, bent legs, and hands resting near the knees. The paired format suggests themes of relationship, alliance, lineage, or commemoration.", "Geographic location": "Central or West-Central Africa", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "TC-2015-02", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Unidentified Central or West-Central African peoples", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Unidentified", "place_of_creation": "Central or West-Central Africa, exact place unknown", "place_of_use": "Central or West-Central Africa, exact place unknown", "materials": "Carved wood, pigment or patina", "technique": "Carved, patinated", "object_type": "Seated couple figure / figural sculpture", "function_use": "Possibly lineage, ancestor, alliance, or prestige imagery; exact use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Low: title and description are image-based; cultural affiliation and function are not documented.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: avoid assigning relationship, gender, or ceremonial/spiritual role without additional evidence.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll117" }, { "Title": "Kongo- or Teke-Style Power Figure with Abdominal Charge", "preferred_term": "power figure", "legacy_title": "Untitled object 118", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This carved wooden power figure has a large head, half-closed eyes, compact torso, attached cloth and hide or fur elements, blue beads at the base, and a cowrie-like element set into a circular abdominal packet or charge. The abdominal insertion and added materials relate to Central African nkisi or buti-type power figures. Its surface combines sculpture, wrapping, and material accumulation.", "Geographic location": "Democratic Republic of the Congo or Republic of the Congo", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "TC-2015-03", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Central African, possibly Kongo or Teke, attribution uncertain", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Kongo peoples or Teke peoples, possible", "place_of_creation": "Democratic Republic of the Congo or Republic of the Congo, possible", "place_of_use": "Democratic Republic of the Congo or Republic of the Congo, possible", "materials": "Carved wood, cloth, hide or fur, cowrie shell or shell-like element, glass beads, fiber or cord, pigment or patina", "technique": "Carved, assembled, wrapped, charge insertion, bead attachment", "object_type": "Power figure / nkisi- or buti-type ritual figure", "function_use": "Possibly protective, healing, judicial, or personal spiritually significant object; exact use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Low to moderate: visible abdominal charge and attachments support power-figure identification; exact group is uncertain.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: potentially culturally or spiritually sensitive object; describe visible materials without claiming undocumented ritual contents.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll118" }, { "Title": "Standing Figure with Abdominal Cavities", "preferred_term": "standing figure with abdominal cavities", "legacy_title": "Untitled object 119", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This small standing figure is mounted on a base and has an elongated neck, rounded head, simplified facial features, arms bent toward the torso, and two round abdominal cavities. The cavities may have held inserted materials, focusing attention on the body's center. The form relates broadly to Central African power-figure traditions.", "Geographic location": "Central Africa", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "TC-2015-04", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Central African peoples, attribution uncertain", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Kongo, Teke, or related peoples, possible", "place_of_creation": "Central Africa, exact place unknown", "place_of_use": "Central Africa, exact place unknown", "materials": "Carved wood, pigment or patina; possible former inserted materials", "technique": "Carved, cavity prepared, patinated", "object_type": "Standing figure / possible power figure", "function_use": "Possibly protective, healing, ceremonial, or spiritually significant figure; exact use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Low: abdominal cavities suggest power-figure comparison, but culture and function remain uncertain.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: potentially culturally or spiritually sensitive object; avoid identifying contents or use beyond visible evidence and documented comparanda.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll119" }, { "Title": "Seated Female Figure", "preferred_term": "seated female figure", "legacy_title": "Untitled object 120", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This seated female figure has a rounded head, compact torso, bent arms, hands held near the abdomen, short seated base, and traces of surface pigment or patina. The pose centers attention on the torso and hands. The figure suggests personal, maternity, ancestral, ceremonial, or spiritually significant imagery within a broad African figural tradition.", "Geographic location": "Central or West-Central Africa", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "TC-2015-05", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Central or West-Central African peoples, attribution uncertain", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Unidentified; possibly Luba, Hemba, or related peoples", "place_of_creation": "Central or West-Central Africa, uncertain", "place_of_use": "Central or West-Central Africa, uncertain", "materials": "Carved wood, pigment or patina", "technique": "Carved, patinated", "object_type": "Seated female figure / figural sculpture", "function_use": "Possibly personal, ancestral, maternity, ceremonial, or spiritually significant figure; exact use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Low: broad Central/West-Central African comparison only; exact identity and function are undocumented.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: keep culture and function cautious until more evidence is available.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll120" }, { "Title": "Standing Female Figure with Open Mouth", "preferred_term": "standing female figure", "legacy_title": "Untitled object 121", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This standing female figure has a small base, elongated body, bent arms, hands held at the lower torso, carved breasts, rounded head, open mouth, and projecting ears. The compact proportions and torso-focused pose relate broadly to Central or West-Central African figural sculpture. Its direct frontal stance gives the figure a strong presence.", "Geographic location": "Central or West-Central Africa", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "TC-2015-06", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Unidentified Central or West-Central African peoples", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Unidentified", "place_of_creation": "Central or West-Central Africa, exact place unknown", "place_of_use": "Central or West-Central Africa, exact place unknown", "materials": "Carved wood, pigment or patina", "technique": "Carved, patinated", "object_type": "Standing female figure / figural sculpture", "function_use": "Possibly personal, ancestral, fertility-related, or prestige figure; exact use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Low: title and description are based on visible form; Central/West-Central regional attribution is a cautious visual comparison.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: attribution remains broad and image-based; avoid assigning a specific people, country, or ceremonial/spiritual function without object-specific documentation or provenance.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll121" }, { "Title": "Baule-Style Seated Female Figure with Beads", "preferred_term": "seated female figure", "legacy_title": "Untitled object 122", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This small seated female figure has a dark surface, rounded head, incised hairstyle or brow line, compact torso, arms resting close to the body, and a strand of blue and white beads around the waist or base. The composed pose and ornament relate to Baule or neighboring Cote d'Ivoire figural traditions. Its intimate scale suggests personal viewing or handling.", "Geographic location": "Côte d’Ivoire", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "TC-2015-07", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Baule-style or related West African, attribution uncertain", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Baule peoples, possible", "place_of_creation": "Cote d’Ivoire, possible", "place_of_use": "Cote d’Ivoire, possible", "materials": "Carved wood, glass beads, pigment or patina", "technique": "Carved, incised, bead ornamentation, patinated", "object_type": "Seated female figure / personal figure", "function_use": "Possibly personal, spirit-spouse, ancestor, or prestige figure; exact use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Low to moderate: visual features suggest Baule-style comparison, but attribution and function are uncertain.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: avoid assigning spirit-spouse function without object-specific documentation or provenance.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll122" }, { "Title": "West African Oval Face Mask", "preferred_term": "oval face mask", "legacy_title": "Untitled object 123", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This carved wooden face mask has a rounded oval form, high forehead, circular eye openings, broad nose, small open mouth, and worn light and dark surface coloration. The facial proportions relate to West African mask traditions, possibly Dan or a neighboring forest-region group. The broad forehead and open eyes give the face a direct, attentive character.", "Geographic location": "Liberia or Côte d’Ivoire", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "TC-2015-08", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "West African peoples, possibly Dan or neighboring forest-region group, attribution uncertain", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Dan peoples or related peoples, possible", "place_of_creation": "Liberia or Cote d’Ivoire, possible", "place_of_use": "Liberia or Cote d’Ivoire, possible", "materials": "Carved wood, pigment or patina", "technique": "Carved, pierced, patinated", "object_type": "Face mask / masquerade mask", "function_use": "Possibly masquerade performance; exact use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Low: mask identification is clear, but cultural attribution is tentative.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: avoid naming a specific mask type without stronger evidence.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll123" }, { "Title": "Cowrie-Decorated Helmet Mask or Headdress", "preferred_term": "cowrie-decorated mask", "legacy_title": "Untitled object 124", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This carved wooden helmet-mask form has a rounded upper head, a front panel densely covered with rows of cowrie shells or shell-like rings, and lower vertical grooves suggesting a stylized mouth, beard, or pendant elements. Cowrie decoration appears in many West and Central African prestige and masquerade contexts. The shell-covered surface creates a rich visual texture associated with value and display.", "Geographic location": "West or Central Africa", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "TC-2015-09", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Unidentified West or Central African peoples", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Unidentified", "place_of_creation": "West or Central Africa, exact place unknown", "place_of_use": "West or Central Africa, exact place unknown", "materials": "Carved wood, cowrie shells or shell-like ornaments, pigment or patina", "technique": "Carved, applied shell ornament, incised, patinated", "object_type": "Cowrie-decorated helmet mask / headdress", "function_use": "Possibly masquerade, prestige, or ritual costume element; exact use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Low: title is based on visible materials and form; cultural affiliation is not secure.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: cowrie decoration alone is not sufficient for cultural attribution.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll124" }, { "Title": "Standing Female Figure with Crescent Coiffure", "preferred_term": "standing female figure", "legacy_title": "Untitled object 125", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This slender standing female figure rises from a narrow pedestal base, with a long torso, arms held close to the sides, simplified facial features, and a high crescent- or wing-shaped coiffure. The stylized body suggests a personal, ancestral, or fertility-related figure. The dramatic coiffure gives the small sculpture an elegant silhouette.", "Geographic location": "West Africa", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "TC-2015-10", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Unidentified West African peoples", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Unidentified", "place_of_creation": "West Africa, exact place unknown", "place_of_use": "West Africa, exact place unknown", "materials": "Carved wood, pigment or patina", "technique": "Carved, smoothed, patinated", "object_type": "Standing female figure / figural sculpture", "function_use": "Possibly personal, ancestral, fertility-related, or prestige figure; exact use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Low: descriptive title only; affiliation remains unidentified.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: avoid assigning a specific ethnic group without stronger comparative or source evidence.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll125" }, { "Title": "Grebo- or Kru-Style Face Mask with Projecting Circular Eyes", "preferred_term": "face mask with projecting eyes", "legacy_title": "Untitled object 127", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This carved wooden face mask has a rounded head, projecting circular eye forms, angular nose and mouth area, and dark worn surface. The bold projecting eyes recall Grebo, Kru, and neighboring West African mask traditions from Liberia and southwestern Cote d'Ivoire. The mask's protruding features create a powerful frontal expression.", "Geographic location": "Liberia or southwestern Côte d’Ivoire", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "TC-2015-12", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Grebo, Kru, or related West African peoples, attribution uncertain", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Grebo peoples or Kru-language peoples, possible", "place_of_creation": "Liberia or southwestern Cote d’Ivoire, possible", "place_of_use": "Liberia or southwestern Cote d’Ivoire, possible", "materials": "Carved wood, pigment or patina", "technique": "Carved, pierced, patinated", "object_type": "Face mask / masquerade mask", "function_use": "Possibly masquerade performance; exact use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Low to moderate: projecting circular eyes support Grebo/Kru-style comparison; exact group is uncertain.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: keep attribution qualified without collection provenance.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll126" }, { "Title": "Figural Staff or Handle with Openwork Body", "preferred_term": "figural staff or handle", "legacy_title": "Untitled object 128", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This tall carved wooden object includes an elongated standing figure, narrow openwork body, long neck, open mouth with carved teeth, and a vertical staff-like extension or handle. The openwork body and attenuated figure relate to Central African staff, handle, or ritual-object traditions. Its vertical form suggests an object designed to be carried, displayed, or held upright.", "Geographic location": "Central Africa", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "TC-2015-14", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Central African peoples, attribution uncertain", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Unidentified; possibly Democratic Republic of the Congo region", "place_of_creation": "Central Africa, possibly Democratic Republic of the Congo", "place_of_use": "Central Africa, possibly Democratic Republic of the Congo", "materials": "Carved wood, pigment or patina", "technique": "Carved, openwork, patinated", "object_type": "Figural staff / handle / ceremonial or spiritually significant object", "function_use": "Possibly staff, handle, finial, or ritual implement; exact use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Low: Central African attribution is a cautious visual comparison; function and specific cultural affiliation remain uncertain.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: attribution remains broad and image-based; avoid assigning a specific people, country, or ceremonial/spiritual function without object-specific documentation or provenance.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll127" }, { "Title": "Standing Female Figure with Elaborate Coiffure", "preferred_term": "standing female figure", "legacy_title": "Untitled object 129", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This standing female figure has a broad flaring coiffure or headdress, elongated textured torso, bent arms, hands near the abdomen, and circular base. The figure may relate to personal, ancestral, fertility-related, or prestige sculpture. Its flaring head form and textured body create a distinctive vertical rhythm.", "Geographic location": "West or Central Africa", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "TC-2015-13", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Unidentified West or Central African peoples", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Unidentified", "place_of_creation": "West or Central Africa, uncertain", "place_of_use": "West or Central Africa, uncertain", "materials": "Carved wood, pigment or patina", "technique": "Carved, incised, patinated", "object_type": "Standing female figure / figural sculpture", "function_use": "Possibly personal, ancestral, fertility-related, or prestige figure; exact use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Low: image supports a descriptive title but not a firm cultural affiliation.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: avoid assigning a specific community or function without corroborating evidence.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll128" }, { "Title": "Dan- or Mano-Style Long-Beaked Mask", "preferred_term": "long-beaked mask", "legacy_title": "Untitled object 130", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This carved wooden mask has a helmet-like head and a long curved beak-like projection extending downward. The elongated beak suggests a hornbill or bird-related masquerade form comparable to Dan, Mano, Mau, and neighboring West African forest-region masks. Its sweeping profile gives the object a dramatic animal presence.", "Geographic location": "Liberia or Côte d’Ivoire", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "TC-2015-16", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Dan, Mano, Mau, or related West African forest-region peoples, attribution uncertain", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Dan peoples, Mano peoples, or Mau peoples, possible", "place_of_creation": "Liberia or Cote d’Ivoire, possible", "place_of_use": "Liberia or Cote d’Ivoire, possible", "materials": "Carved wood, pigment or patina", "technique": "Carved, pierced, patinated", "object_type": "Bird-form face mask / long-beaked mask", "function_use": "Possibly masquerade performance; exact character and use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Low to moderate: beaked form supports West African forest-region comparison; specific group is uncertain.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: avoid assigning a named mask character without stronger evidence.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll129" }, { "Title": "Standing Female Figure with Encrusted Surface", "preferred_term": "standing female figure", "legacy_title": "Untitled object 131", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This standing female figure has an elongated neck, pointed or crested head, small breasts, hands held near the abdomen, short legs, and a worn encrusted surface. The compact standing form and weathered patina relate broadly to Central or West-Central African figural traditions. Its restrained pose creates a quiet sculptural presence.", "Geographic location": "Central or West-Central Africa", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "TC-2015-15", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Unidentified Central or West-Central African peoples", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Unidentified", "place_of_creation": "Central or West-Central Africa, exact place unknown", "place_of_use": "Central or West-Central Africa, exact place unknown", "materials": "Carved wood, encrusted patina or pigment", "technique": "Carved, patinated or encrusted surface", "object_type": "Standing female figure / figural sculpture", "function_use": "Possibly personal, ancestral, fertility-related, or prestige figure; exact use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Low: descriptive identification only; Central/West-Central regional attribution is tentative and image-based.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: attribution remains broad and image-based; avoid assigning a specific people, country, or ceremonial/spiritual function without object-specific documentation or provenance.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll130" }, { "Title": "Bamana Ci Wara-Style Antelope Headdress", "preferred_term": "Ci Wara-style headdress", "legacy_title": "Untitled object 132", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This carved wooden headdress or crest has an arched openwork base, projecting antelope-like forms, a long upward horn-like element, and a small standing figure mounted above the central arch. The antelope and openwork structure relate to Bamana Ci Wara headdresses from Mali. The combination of animal form, human figure, and sweeping vertical line creates a dynamic ceremonial silhouette.", "Geographic location": "Mali", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "TC-2015-18", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Bamana-style, attribution uncertain", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Bamana peoples, possible", "place_of_creation": "Mali, possible", "place_of_use": "Mali, possible", "materials": "Carved wood, pigment or patina", "technique": "Carved, openwork, incised, patinated", "object_type": "Headdress / antelope crest / masquerade object", "function_use": "By comparison, associated with agricultural masquerade and Ci Wara performance traditions; exact use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Moderate: form strongly recalls Ci Wara headdresses; provenance and subtype are undocumented.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: use “Ci Wara-style” unless collection evidence confirms Bamana origin and ceremonial/spiritual use.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll131" }, { "Title": "Double Figural Slingshot", "preferred_term": "figural slingshot", "legacy_title": "Untitled object 133", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This carved wooden slingshot has two upright fork arms and a handle formed by two standing human figures joined side by side. Each figure has simplified facial features and compact proportions. Figural slingshots are known from several West African traditions, including Baule and Lobi-associated examples, where useful objects could become sculptural forms.", "Geographic location": "Côte d’Ivoire or Burkina Faso/Ghana borderlands", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "TC-2015-17", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "West African peoples, possibly Baule or Lobi, attribution uncertain", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Baule peoples or Lobi peoples, possible", "place_of_creation": "Cote d’Ivoire or Burkina Faso/Ghana borderlands, possible", "place_of_use": "West Africa, possible", "materials": "Carved wood, pigment or patina", "technique": "Carved, smoothed, patinated", "object_type": "Figural slingshot", "function_use": "Hunting tool, personal object, or carved prestige item; exact use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Low to moderate for object type; low for specific cultural attribution.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: cultural group should remain broad without object-specific documentation or provenance.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll132" }, { "Title": "Guro- or Yaure-Style Face Mask with Crest", "preferred_term": "crested face mask", "legacy_title": "Untitled object 134", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This carved wooden face mask has a smooth oval face, half-closed slit eyes, small pursed mouth, central forehead ridge, and elaborate crest with side projections. The refined face and crest arrangement relate to Guro, Yaure, and related Cote d'Ivoire masking traditions. The mask balances calm facial modeling with an animated upper silhouette.", "Geographic location": "Côte d’Ivoire", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "TC-2015-21", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Guro, Yaure, or related Cote d’Ivoire peoples, attribution uncertain", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Guro peoples or Yaure peoples, possible", "place_of_creation": "Cote d’Ivoire, possible", "place_of_use": "Cote d’Ivoire, possible", "materials": "Carved wood, pigment or patina", "technique": "Carved, smoothed, incised, patinated", "object_type": "Face mask / masquerade mask", "function_use": "Possibly masquerade performance; exact association not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Low to moderate: Cote d’Ivoire mask comparison is plausible; exact attribution remains uncertain.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: keep “style” or “possibly” language without object-specific documentation or provenance.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll133" }, { "Title": "Kota-Style Reliquary Guardian Figure (Mbulu Ngulu Type)", "preferred_term": "reliquary guardian figure", "legacy_title": "Untitled object 135", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This wooden reliquary guardian figure has a large oval face, crescent-shaped upper crest, side projections, central neck, and open diamond-shaped lower body. The composition recalls Kota mbulu ngulu reliquary guardian figures from Gabon and the Republic of the Congo. Its gleaming, frontal form evokes the protective presence of ancestral reliquary sculpture.", "Geographic location": "Gabon or Republic of the Congo", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "TC-2015-22", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Kota-style, attribution uncertain", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Kota peoples or related Gabon/Congo peoples, possible", "place_of_creation": "Gabon or Republic of the Congo, possible", "place_of_use": "Gabon or Republic of the Congo, possible", "materials": "Carved wood, pigment or patina; possible metal or applied surface elements", "technique": "Carved, incised, assembled; possible metal-clad surface", "object_type": "Reliquary guardian figure / mbulu ngulu-style figure", "function_use": "Associated by comparison with ancestral reliquary guardians; exact collection function not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Moderate: form strongly recalls Kota reliquary guardian figures, but subgroup and provenance are unknown.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: possible ancestral-reliquary association; avoid claiming direct ceremonial/spiritual use without object-specific documentation or provenance.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll134" }, { "Title": "Makonde-Style Ujamaa or Tree-of-Life Figural Sculpture", "preferred_term": "ujamaa sculpture", "legacy_title": "Untitled object 136", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This carved wooden sculpture is composed of multiple interlocking human figures rising from a shared base. The repeated elongated bodies and heads form a clustered vertical composition. The work resembles Makonde ujamaa, or Tree of Life, carving traditions from Tanzania and Mozambique, where linked figures can suggest kinship, community, and continuity.", "Geographic location": "Tanzania or Mozambique", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "TC-2015-23", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Makonde-style, attribution uncertain", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Makonde peoples, possible", "place_of_creation": "Tanzania or Mozambique, possible", "place_of_use": "East Africa, possible", "materials": "Carved wood, reddish-brown pigment or patina", "technique": "Carved in openwork/interlocking figural composition, patinated", "object_type": "Ujamaa / Tree of Life figural sculpture", "function_use": "Decorative, commemorative, or market/modern carving tradition; exact use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Moderate: clustered interlocking figures match Makonde-style ujamaa carvings; object-specific provenance is absent.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: may be a modern market or studio carving; avoid assigning ceremonial/spiritual function without object-specific evidence.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll135" }, { "Title": "Composite Power Object with Metal Studs and Fiber", "preferred_term": "composite power object", "legacy_title": "Untitled object 137", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This narrow composite object has a carved wooden body, rows of inserted metal tacks or studs, fiber or hair-like material at the top, and a rounded lower end. The added materials suggest a protective or spiritually significant object from Central or West-Central Africa. Its studded surface creates a dense, tactile field.", "Geographic location": "Central or West-Central Africa", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "TC-2015-24", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Central or West-Central African peoples, attribution uncertain", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Unidentified", "place_of_creation": "Central or West-Central Africa, uncertain", "place_of_use": "Central or West-Central Africa, uncertain", "materials": "Carved wood, metal tacks or studs, fiber or hair, pigment or patina", "technique": "Carved, studded, assembled, fiber attachment", "object_type": "Composite object / charm or spiritually significant object", "function_use": "Possibly protective, oath-related, ceremonial, or spiritually significant object; exact function not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Low: visible mixed materials suggest a power object, but attribution and use are uncertain.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: potentially culturally or spiritually sensitive object; avoid identifying contents or ceremonial/spiritual role beyond visible evidence and documented comparanda.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll136" }, { "Title": "Geometric Mask or Figural Panel with Superstructure", "preferred_term": "geometric mask-like object", "legacy_title": "Untitled object 138", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This carved wooden mask-like object or figural panel has a small lower face or body, bold black-and-white geometric painting, and an openwork rectangular superstructure above. The angular design relates broadly to Central African visual traditions, including Songye or Luba-related forms. The combination of painted geometry and openwork gives the object a striking graphic presence.", "Geographic location": "Central Africa, Democratic Republic of the Congo", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "TC-2015-25", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Central African peoples, attribution uncertain", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Songye, Luba, or related peoples, possible", "place_of_creation": "Central Africa, possibly Democratic Republic of the Congo", "place_of_use": "Central Africa, possibly Democratic Republic of the Congo", "materials": "Carved wood, black and white pigment or paint, patina", "technique": "Carved, openwork, pigment-applied", "object_type": "Mask-like panel / figural ceremonial or spiritually significant object", "function_use": "Possibly masquerade, shrine, or spiritually significant object; exact use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Low: geometric features suggest Central African comparison, but object type and culture are uncertain.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: use descriptive terminology until stronger provenance or source evidence is available.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll137" }, { "Title": "Kota-Style Reliquary Guardian Figure (Mbulu Ngulu Type)", "preferred_term": "reliquary guardian figure", "legacy_title": "Untitled object 139", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This wooden reliquary guardian figure has an oval metal-faced head, broad side panels, crescent-like crest, pendant side elements, and open diamond-shaped lower body. The form closely recalls Kota mbulu ngulu reliquary guardian figures from Gabon and the Republic of the Congo. Such figures were traditionally associated with ancestral reliquary bundles and guardian presence.", "Geographic location": "Gabon or Republic of the Congo", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "TC-2015-26", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Kota-style, attribution uncertain", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Kota peoples or related Gabon/Congo peoples, possible", "place_of_creation": "Gabon or Republic of the Congo, possible", "place_of_use": "Gabon or Republic of the Congo, possible", "materials": "Carved wood, metal or metal-like applied surface, pigment or patina", "technique": "Carved, metal-clad or metal-like surface, incised, assembled", "object_type": "Reliquary guardian figure / mbulu ngulu-style figure", "function_use": "Associated by comparison with ancestral reliquary guardians; exact collection function not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Moderate: visual form strongly supports Kota-style mbulu ngulu identification; subgroup and provenance are unknown.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: possible ancestral-reliquary association; avoid claiming direct ceremonial/spiritual use without object-specific documentation or provenance.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll138" }, { "Title": "Kasai-Region Style Face Mask with Projecting Eyes", "preferred_term": "face mask", "legacy_title": "Untitled object 140", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This carved wooden face mask has a rounded form, large projecting circular eyes, long triangular nose, open angular mouth, and painted or incised geometric surface patterning. The features relate to Kasai-region and related Central African masking traditions. Its projecting eyes and patterned surface create a bold, animated face.", "Geographic location": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kasai region", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "TC-2015-27", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Kasai-region or Central African peoples, attribution uncertain", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Kete, Kuba, Pende, or related peoples, possible", "place_of_creation": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kasai region, possible", "place_of_use": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kasai region, possible", "materials": "Carved wood, pigment or paint, patina", "technique": "Carved, pierced, pigment-applied", "object_type": "Face mask / masquerade mask", "function_use": "Possibly masquerade performance; exact use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Low to moderate: mask form and geometric painting suggest a Kasai/Central African comparison, but exact attribution is uncertain.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: former Kifwebe-style reading should remain qualified; visible features are not sufficient for a secure Songye/Luba attribution.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll139" }, { "Title": "Luba-Style Caryatid Figure or Headrest Support", "preferred_term": "caryatid figure", "legacy_title": "Untitled object 141", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This carved wooden figural support has an elongated ridged face, central crest, bent arms, and a rounded central form held against the torso. The composition suggests a caryatid support, headrest element, or related prestige carving in a Central African, possibly Luba-related, style. The figure's body appears to serve both sculptural and supportive purposes.", "Geographic location": "Democratic Republic of the Congo", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "TC-2015-28", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Luba-style or Central African, attribution uncertain", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Luba peoples, possible", "place_of_creation": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, possible", "place_of_use": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, possible", "materials": "Carved wood, cord or fiber, pigment or patina", "technique": "Carved, incised, assembled or wrapped fiber element", "object_type": "Caryatid figure / headrest or support element", "function_use": "Possibly prestige support, headrest, stool, or related carved object; exact function not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Low: visible carving suggests Central African/Luba-style support rather than power figure, but object type is uncertain.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: former power-figure reading has been replaced with a more cautious support/headrest interpretation based on the image.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll140" }, { "Title": "Mangbetu-Style Ceremonial Sickle Knife with Figural Handle", "preferred_term": "ceremonial sickle knife", "legacy_title": "Untitled object 142", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This curved sickle-form knife or prestige implement has a dark blade or sheath-like body and a carved figural handle. The handle includes a small human head framed by two upward-curving projections. The form relates to Mangbetu and northeastern Congolese prestige knives, where sculptural handles and distinctive blades could signal status and ceremony.", "Geographic location": "Northeastern Democratic Republic of the Congo", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "TC-2015-29", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Mangbetu-style or Central African, attribution uncertain", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Mangbetu peoples, possible", "place_of_creation": "Northeastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, possible", "place_of_use": "Northeastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, possible", "materials": "Wood, metal or dark blade/sheath material, pigment or patina", "technique": "Carved, incised, assembled", "object_type": "Ceremonial sickle knife / prestige implement", "function_use": "Possibly prestige, ceremonial, or status display object; exact use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Low to moderate: sickle-knife form is visible; Mangbetu-style attribution is tentative.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: avoid presenting as a confirmed Mangbetu trumbash without stronger provenance.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll141" }, { "Title": "West African Figural Slingshot", "preferred_term": "figural slingshot", "legacy_title": "Untitled object 143", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This carved wooden slingshot has two forked arms forming the sling supports and a simplified anthropomorphic body as the handle. The compact body, long forked supports, and worn surface relate to African figural slingshots found in several West African traditions. Its practical form is transformed through the human figure.", "Geographic location": "Côte d’Ivoire or Burkina Faso/Ghana borderlands", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "TC-2015-30", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "West African peoples, possibly Baule or Lobi, attribution uncertain", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Baule peoples or Lobi peoples, possible", "place_of_creation": "Cote d’Ivoire or Burkina Faso/Ghana borderlands, possible", "place_of_use": "West Africa, possible", "materials": "Carved wood, patina", "technique": "Carved, smoothed, patinated", "object_type": "Slingshot / utilitarian object with figural carving", "function_use": "Hunting tool, personal object, or carved prestige item; exact use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Low to moderate for object type; low for specific cultural attribution.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: cultural group should remain broad without object-specific documentation or provenance.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll142" }, { "Title": "West African Figural Slingshot with Female Figure", "preferred_term": "figural slingshot", "legacy_title": "Untitled object 144", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This carved wooden slingshot has forked supports and a female anthropomorphic handle with a rounded head, breasts, and projecting abdomen. Figural slingshots are associated with several West African carving traditions, including Baule and Lobi examples. The object turns a handheld implement into a sculptural female form.", "Geographic location": "Côte d’Ivoire or Burkina Faso/Ghana borderlands", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "TC-2015-31", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "West African peoples, possibly Baule or Lobi, attribution uncertain", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Baule peoples or Lobi peoples, possible", "place_of_creation": "Cote d’Ivoire or Burkina Faso/Ghana borderlands, possible", "place_of_use": "West Africa, possible", "materials": "Carved wood, dark patina", "technique": "Carved, smoothed, patinated", "object_type": "Figural slingshot", "function_use": "Hunting tool, personal object, or carved prestige item; exact use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Low to moderate for object type; low for specific cultural attribution.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: cultural group should remain broad without object-specific documentation or provenance.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll143" }, { "Title": "West African Figural Slingshot with Female Torso", "preferred_term": "figural slingshot", "legacy_title": "Untitled object 145", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This carved wooden figural slingshot has two forked supports and a stylized female torso marked by breasts and a projecting abdomen. The form relates to West African figural slingshots, especially Baule or Lobi-associated examples. Its simplified body and worn surface suggest an object designed for both use and display.", "Geographic location": "Côte d’Ivoire or Burkina Faso/Ghana borderlands", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "TC-2015-32", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "West African peoples, possibly Baule or Lobi, attribution uncertain", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Baule peoples or Lobi peoples, possible", "place_of_creation": "Cote d’Ivoire or Burkina Faso/Ghana borderlands, possible", "place_of_use": "West Africa, possible", "materials": "Carved wood, light patina", "technique": "Carved, smoothed, patinated", "object_type": "Figural slingshot", "function_use": "Hunting tool, personal object, or carved prestige item; exact use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Low to moderate for object type; low for specific cultural attribution.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: cultural group should remain broad without object-specific documentation or provenance.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll144" }, { "Title": "West African Figural Slingshot with Female Figure", "preferred_term": "figural slingshot", "legacy_title": "Untitled object 146", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This carved wooden slingshot has a female anthropomorphic handle with rounded head, small breasts, projecting abdomen, and two long forked legs or sling supports. The object belongs to the broad category of West African figural slingshots. Its compact figure and elongated fork create a strong visual rhythm.", "Geographic location": "Côte d’Ivoire or Burkina Faso/Ghana borderlands", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "TC-2015-33", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "West African peoples, possibly Baule or Lobi, attribution uncertain", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Baule peoples or Lobi peoples, possible", "place_of_creation": "Cote d’Ivoire or Burkina Faso/Ghana borderlands, possible", "place_of_use": "West Africa, possible", "materials": "Carved wood, pigment or patina", "technique": "Carved, smoothed, patinated", "object_type": "Figural slingshot", "function_use": "Hunting tool, personal object, or carved prestige item; exact use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Low to moderate for object type; low for specific cultural attribution.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: cultural group should remain broad without object-specific documentation or provenance.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll145" }, { "Title": "West African Figural Slingshot", "preferred_term": "figural slingshot", "legacy_title": "Untitled object 147", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This carved wooden slingshot has an elongated anthropomorphic body, rounded head, long forked legs or sling arms, and worn dark patina. The form relates broadly to West African figural slingshots, including Baule and Lobi-associated examples. Its attenuated body makes the tool read as a small standing figure.", "Geographic location": "Côte d’Ivoire or Burkina Faso/Ghana borderlands", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "TC-2015-34", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "West African peoples, possibly Baule or Lobi, attribution uncertain", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Baule peoples or Lobi peoples, possible", "place_of_creation": "Cote d’Ivoire or Burkina Faso/Ghana borderlands, possible", "place_of_use": "West Africa, possible", "materials": "Carved wood, dark patina", "technique": "Carved, smoothed, patinated", "object_type": "Figural slingshot", "function_use": "Hunting tool, personal object, or carved prestige item; exact use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Low to moderate for object type; low for specific cultural attribution.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: cultural group should remain broad without object-specific documentation or provenance.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll146" }, { "Title": "West African Figural Slingshot", "preferred_term": "figural slingshot", "legacy_title": "Untitled object 148", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This carved wooden slingshot has an anthropomorphic handle, elongated body, rounded head, bent arm, and two long forked legs forming the sling supports. The object relates to West African figural slingshots, especially Baule or Lobi-associated examples. Its asymmetrical arm and worn surface give the handle a lively sculptural presence.", "Geographic location": "Côte d’Ivoire or Burkina Faso/Ghana borderlands", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "TC-2015-35", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "West African peoples, possibly Baule or Lobi, attribution uncertain", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Baule peoples or Lobi peoples, possible", "place_of_creation": "Cote d’Ivoire or Burkina Faso/Ghana borderlands, possible", "place_of_use": "West Africa, possible", "materials": "Carved wood, patina", "technique": "Carved, smoothed, patinated", "object_type": "Figural slingshot", "function_use": "Hunting tool, personal object, or carved prestige item; exact use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Low to moderate for object type; low for specific cultural attribution.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: cultural group should remain broad without object-specific documentation or provenance.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll147" }, { "Title": "Grassfields-Style Button-Covered Masquerade Headdress", "preferred_term": "masquerade headdress", "legacy_title": "Untitled object 149", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This conical fiber or textile headdress is densely covered with sewn buttons and topped with bound twig-like projections. The form relates to masquerade and prestige costume elements from the Cameroon Grassfields region, including Bamileke-related traditions. The buttoned surface catches light in a way that recalls the visual richness of beadwork.", "Geographic location": "Cameroon Grassfields", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2022-40", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Cameroon Grassfields-style, possibly Bamileke, attribution uncertain", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Bamileke or neighboring Grassfields peoples, possible", "place_of_creation": "Cameroon Grassfields, possible", "place_of_use": "Cameroon Grassfields, possible", "materials": "Textile or fiber, sewn buttons, cord, twig or plant material", "technique": "Sewn, assembled, wrapped or bound", "object_type": "Masquerade headdress / costume element", "function_use": "Possibly masquerade, prestige display, or performance costume; exact use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Low: headdress form is clear; Grassfields/Bamileke attribution is tentative.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: use cautious attribution because buttons may reflect local adaptation, repair, or later embellishment.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll148" }, { "Title": "Mumuye-Style Standing Figure with Tall Crest", "preferred_term": "standing figure", "legacy_title": "New record from unmatched image 126.png", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This carved wooden standing figure rises from an integral base with compact bent legs, elongated torso, block-like shoulders, long neck, and tall helmet-like head or crest. The abstraction, verticality, and carved-away arm areas relate to Mumuye figure sculpture from Nigeria. The object's attenuated form creates a strong architectural silhouette.", "Geographic location": "Nigeria, Benue River Valley region", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "TC-2015-11?", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Mumuye-style, attribution uncertain", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Mumuye peoples, possible", "place_of_creation": "Nigeria, Benue River Valley region, possible", "place_of_use": "Nigeria, possible", "materials": "Carved wood, pigment or patina", "technique": "Carved, incised, patinated", "object_type": "Standing figure / figural sculpture", "function_use": "Possibly ancestral, protective, divinatory, or prestige figure; exact function not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Low to moderate: image supports a Mumuye-style comparison, but row/file mismatch and lack of provenance require caution.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: maintain “style” language unless a source confirms the attribution.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll149" }, { "Title": "Central African Maternity Figure", "preferred_term": "maternity figure", "legacy_title": "New record from unmatched image 150.png", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This carved wooden maternity figure has a large head, seated or kneeling posture, bent arms, geometric torso patterning, and a small child held at the front. The subject evokes maternity, lineage, ancestry, and protection within a Central African sculptural idiom. The close placement of mother and child emphasizes continuity and care.", "Geographic location": "Central Africa, Democratic Republic of the Congo", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2022-01", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Central African peoples, possibly Luba, Hemba, or Kongo-related, attribution uncertain", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Luba, Hemba, or Kongo-related peoples, possible", "place_of_creation": "Central Africa, possibly Democratic Republic of the Congo", "place_of_use": "Central Africa, possibly Democratic Republic of the Congo", "materials": "Carved wood, pigment or patina", "technique": "Carved, incised, patinated", "object_type": "Maternity figure / mother-and-child sculpture", "function_use": "Possibly lineage, fertility-related, ancestral, or protective imagery; exact use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Low to moderate: mother-and-child subject is clear; cultural attribution remains tentative.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: function and cultural attribution should remain qualified without object-specific documentation or provenance.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll150" }, { "Title": "Teke- or Kongo-Style Power Figure with Beads and Abdominal Cavity", "preferred_term": "power figure", "legacy_title": "New record from unmatched image 151.png", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This small carved wooden figure has a rounded head, metal earrings or wire attachments, bead necklace, and circular abdominal cavity or charge area. The abdominal feature and ornaments relate to Central African power figures, especially Teke buti and Kongo nkisi-related forms. The figure's compact body concentrates attention on the charged center.", "Geographic location": "Republic of the Congo or Democratic Republic of the Congo", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2022-02", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Central African, possibly Teke or Kongo, attribution uncertain", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Teke peoples or Kongo peoples, possible", "place_of_creation": "Republic of the Congo or Democratic Republic of the Congo, possible", "place_of_use": "Republic of the Congo or Democratic Republic of the Congo, possible", "materials": "Carved wood, beads, metal or wire, pigment or patina; possible former charge materials", "technique": "Carved, assembled, bead and metal attachment, cavity or charge preparation", "object_type": "Power figure / charm figure", "function_use": "Possibly protective, healing, judicial, or personal spiritually significant object; specific use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Low to moderate: abdominal cavity supports power-figure comparison; culture and contents are uncertain.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: potentially culturally or spiritually sensitive object; describe materials and visible features without claiming undocumented ritual contents.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll151" }, { "Title": "Teke- or Kongo-Style Power Figure with Abdominal Charge", "preferred_term": "power figure", "legacy_title": "New record from unmatched image 152.png", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This small standing figure has a rounded head, short arms, earring-like metal attachments, and a circular abdominal charge or insert. The visible abdominal element relates to Central African power figures such as Teke buti and Kongo nkisi traditions. The figure's simple body is animated by its ornaments and central cavity.", "Geographic location": "Republic of the Congo or Democratic Republic of the Congo", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2022-03", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Central African, possibly Teke or Kongo, attribution uncertain", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Teke peoples or Kongo peoples, possible", "place_of_creation": "Republic of the Congo or Democratic Republic of the Congo, possible", "place_of_use": "Republic of the Congo or Democratic Republic of the Congo, possible", "materials": "Carved wood, metal or wire, pigment or patina, possible organic or resinous charge material", "technique": "Carved, assembled, charge insertion, metal attachment", "object_type": "Power figure / charm figure", "function_use": "Possibly protective, healing, judicial, or personal spiritually significant object; specific use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Low to moderate: abdominal charge supports power-figure identification; specific culture is uncertain.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: potentially culturally or spiritually sensitive object; avoid identifying ritual contents or use beyond visible evidence and documented comparanda.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll152" }, { "Title": "Painted Face Mask with Rectangular Eyes", "preferred_term": "painted face mask", "legacy_title": "New record from unmatched image 153.png", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This carved wooden face mask has a pointed oval outline, rectangular eye openings, pronounced central ridge, open rectangular mouth with teeth, and red, white, and dark painted surface. The mask is described through its visible features, which combine sharp geometry with strong color contrast. Its direct gaze and tooth-baring mouth create an expressive public face.", "Geographic location": "West or Central Africa", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2022-04", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Unidentified West or Central African peoples", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Unidentified", "place_of_creation": "West or Central Africa, uncertain", "place_of_use": "West or Central Africa, uncertain", "materials": "Carved wood, red, white, and dark pigment or paint", "object_type": "Painted face mask / masquerade mask", "function_use": "Probably associated with masquerade, performance, or ceremonial display; exact performance context is not documented.", "attribution_confidence": "Low: mask type is clear, but cultural attribution is not secure.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: descriptive title is preferable until a stronger source supports cultural identification.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll153" }, { "Title": "Fang Ngil-Style White Face Mask", "preferred_term": "white face mask", "legacy_title": "New record from unmatched image 154.png", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This carved wooden face mask has a pale white surface, elongated oval face, small slit eyes, long narrow nose, and open mouth. The white pigment and elongated facial type relate to Fang Ngil masks from Gabon and neighboring areas. Its spare features create a solemn, elongated presence.", "Geographic location": "Gabon or neighboring Equatorial African region", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2022-05", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Fang Ngil-style, attribution uncertain", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Fang peoples, possible", "place_of_creation": "Gabon or neighboring Equatorial African region, possible", "place_of_use": "Gabon or neighboring Equatorial African region, possible", "materials": "Carved wood, white pigment or kaolin, patina", "technique": "Carved, pigment-applied", "object_type": "White face mask / masquerade mask", "function_use": "Possibly associated with initiation, social regulation, or ancestral-spirit contexts in comparison with Ngil masks; exact use not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Low to moderate: white elongated face supports a Fang Ngil-style comparison; attribution is not documented.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: potentially associated with restricted society histories; keep attribution and function qualified.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll154" }, { "Title": "Pende-Style Oval Face Mask with Teeth", "preferred_term": "oval face mask", "legacy_title": "New record from unmatched image 155.png", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This carved wooden oval face mask has half-closed eyes, long narrow nose, incised surface patterning, and an open mouth with projecting teeth. The facial proportions and expressive mouth relate to Pende and neighboring Central African mask forms. Its combination of calm eyes and exposed teeth gives the mask a vivid expression.", "Geographic location": "Democratic Republic of the Congo", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2022-06", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Pende-style or Central African, attribution uncertain", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Pende peoples, possible", "place_of_creation": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, possible", "place_of_use": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, possible", "materials": "Carved wood, pigment or patina", "technique": "Carved, incised, patinated", "object_type": "Face mask / masquerade mask", "function_use": "Possibly masquerade performance; exact function not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Low: mask form is clear, but Pende-style attribution is tentative.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: avoid treat the Pende attribution as confirmed without collection or provenance evidence.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll155" }, { "Title": "Kifwebe-Style Face Mask with Figural Crest", "preferred_term": "kifwebe-style face mask", "legacy_title": "New record from unmatched image 156.png", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This carved wooden face mask has a vertical central ridge, long nose, striated cheek and brow panels, protruding rectangular mouth, and a small figural or crest element above the head. The ridged and striated facial design relates to Songye and Luba kifwebe masking traditions. The crest and projecting mouth add sculptural complexity to the face.", "Geographic location": "Democratic Republic of the Congo", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2022-07", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Songye or Luba-style, attribution uncertain", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Songye peoples or Luba peoples, possible", "place_of_creation": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, possible", "place_of_use": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, possible", "materials": "Carved wood, pigment or patina", "technique": "Carved, incised, pigment-applied", "object_type": "Face mask with crest / masquerade mask", "function_use": "Possibly masquerade performance; exact association not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Low to moderate: striated mask features support a kifwebe-style comparison; the specific group and use are uncertain.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: kifwebe attribution is visual and should remain qualified.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll156" }, { "Title": "Lega-Style Small Mask or Maskette with Raffia Beard", "preferred_term": "small mask with raffia beard", "legacy_title": "New record from unmatched image 157.png", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This small wooden mask or maskette has a heart-shaped concave face, central ridge, slit eyes, traces of light pigment, and a long raffia or fiber beard. The form relates to Lega Bwami mask traditions. Its pale face and fiber beard create a strong contrast between smooth surface and textured attachment.", "Geographic location": "Democratic Republic of the Congo", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2022-08", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Lega-style, attribution uncertain", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Lega peoples, possible", "place_of_creation": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, possible", "place_of_use": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, possible", "materials": "Carved wood, raffia or fiber, pigment or patina", "technique": "Carved, pierced, pigment-applied, fiber attachment", "object_type": "Small mask / maskette", "function_use": "Possibly associated with Bwami instruction or initiation contexts; exact function not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Low to moderate: heart-shaped face and fiber beard support a Lega-style comparison; specific type is uncertain.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: possible initiation-society or association object; describe cautiously and avoid unsupported ceremonial/spiritual details.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll157" }, { "Title": "Mumuye-Style Standing Figure", "preferred_term": "standing figure", "legacy_title": "New record from unmatched image 158.png", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This standing wooden figure has an elongated head and neck, open looped arms surrounding the torso, bent legs, and a block base. The openwork arms and attenuated body relate to Mumuye-style figure sculpture from Nigeria. Its vertical structure gives the body a light, architectural quality.", "Geographic location": "Nigeria, Benue River Valley region", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2022-09", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Mumuye-style, attribution uncertain", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Mumuye peoples, possible", "place_of_creation": "Nigeria, Benue River Valley region, possible", "place_of_use": "Nigeria, possible", "materials": "Carved wood, dark patina", "technique": "Carved, openwork, patinated", "object_type": "Standing figure / figural sculpture", "function_use": "Possibly ancestral, protective, divinatory, or prestige figure; exact function not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Moderate: form strongly resembles Mumuye figure sculpture; exact cultural attribution remains unverified.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: use “Mumuye-style” unless documentary provenance confirms the attribution.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll158" }, { "Title": "Baule-Style Standing Female Figure", "preferred_term": "standing female figure", "legacy_title": "New record from unmatched image 159.png", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This standing female figure has an oval face, high coiffure, long neck, pendant breasts, bent arms, compact legs, and a small base. The balanced pose and idealized body relate to Baule waka sran and spirit-spouse figures. Its refined silhouette suggests beauty, composure, and personal presence.", "Geographic location": "Côte d’Ivoire", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2022-10", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Baule-style, attribution uncertain", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Baule peoples, possible", "place_of_creation": "Cote d’Ivoire, possible", "place_of_use": "Cote d’Ivoire, possible", "materials": "Carved wood, pigment or patina", "technique": "Carved, smoothed, patinated", "object_type": "Standing female figure / figural sculpture", "function_use": "Possibly personal spirit-spouse, ancestor, or prestige figure; function not documented", "attribution_confidence": "Low to moderate: female figural form is clear; Baule-style attribution is visual and unconfirmed.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: attribution and function are tentative; avoid presenting as a documented Baule ceremonial or spiritually significant object without supporting provenance.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll159" }, { "Title": "Small Standing Figure with Abdominal Element", "preferred_term": "Small Standing Figure with Abdominal Element", "legacy_title": "Small Power Figure with Abdominal Element; New record from unmatched image 160.png", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This small standing figure has a stylized head, compact torso, separated arms, short legs, and a projecting abdominal or central body element. The central feature relates to Central African charm and power-figure traditions, including Kongo or Teke-related forms. The figure's compact body emphasizes the abdomen as a focal point.", "Geographic location": "Central Africa", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2022-11", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Central African peoples, possibly Kongo or Teke-related, attribution uncertain", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Kongo, Teke, or related peoples, possible", "place_of_creation": "Central Africa, possibly Democratic Republic of the Congo or Republic of the Congo", "place_of_use": "Central Africa, possibly Democratic Republic of the Congo or Republic of the Congo", "materials": "Carved wood, pigment or patina", "technique": "Carved and patinated", "object_type": "Small standing figure / figural sculpture", "function_use": "Unknown; possibly personal, charm-related, fertility-related, ceremonial, prestige, or decorative, but function is not documented.", "attribution_confidence": "Low to moderate for broad Central African comparison; low for specific Kongo/Teke attribution and function.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: potentially culturally or spiritually sensitive object because of abdominal element/cavity; avoid identifying contents or ceremonial/spiritual use beyond visible evidence and documented comparanda.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll160" }, { "Title": "Painted Oval Face Mask", "preferred_term": "Painted Oval Face Mask", "legacy_title": "Painted Face Mask; New record from unmatched image 161.png", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This painted wooden face mask has slit eyes, a long nose, open mouth, and red, black, pale, and blue-green linear decoration. The painted bands enliven the oval face and emphasize its vertical structure. The mask is presented here as a visually distinctive masquerade face with a broad Central or West-Central African resonance.", "Geographic location": "West or Central Africa", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2022-12", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "West or Central African peoples, attribution uncertain", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Unidentified", "place_of_creation": "West or Central Africa, exact place unknown", "place_of_use": "West or Central Africa, exact place unknown", "materials": "Carved wood, pigment or paint, patina", "technique": "Carved, painted, pierced, and patinated", "object_type": "Painted face mask / masquerade mask", "function_use": "Probably associated with masquerade, performance, display, or market production; exact context is not documented.", "attribution_confidence": "Low: mask form is clear, but cultural attribution is uncertain.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: avoid assigning a specific group, spirit, or ceremony without object-specific documentation or provenance.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll161" }, { "Title": "Chokwe-Style Pwo Face Mask with Fiber Coiffure", "preferred_term": "Chokwe-Style Pwo Face Mask with Fiber Coiffure", "legacy_title": "Pwo-Style Face Mask with Fiber Coiffure; New record from unmatched image 162.png", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This carved wooden female face mask has refined closed or downcast eyes, delicate nose and mouth, incised scarification-like motifs, dark patina, and attached fiber coiffure or costume elements. The form relates strongly to Chokwe and related pwo or mwana pwo masks from Angola, Zambia, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Its composed face presents an ideal of beauty and dignity.", "Geographic location": "Angola, Zambia, or Democratic Republic of the Congo", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2022-13", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Chokwe or related Central African peoples, attribution tentative", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Possibly Chokwe; not confirmed", "place_of_creation": "Angola, Zambia, or Democratic Republic of the Congo, uncertain", "place_of_use": "Angola, Zambia, or Democratic Republic of the Congo, uncertain", "materials": "Carved wood, plant fiber, pigment or patina", "technique": "Carved, incised, fiber-attached, and patinated", "object_type": "Pwo-style face mask / female masquerade mask", "function_use": "Possibly associated with makishi masquerade and ideals of feminine beauty, maturity, ancestry, or initiation contexts; exact use is not documented.", "attribution_confidence": "Moderate: facial form, scarification, and fiber coiffure align with Chokwe/Pwo comparanda, but provenance is unavailable.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: avoid assigning a precise mask name, dancer, initiation role, or ceremony without documentation.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll162" }, { "Title": "Lega-Style Dotted Face Mask", "preferred_term": "Lega-Style Dotted Face Mask", "legacy_title": "Dotted Face Mask; New record from unmatched image 163.png", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This carved wooden face mask has a pale surface, small eye openings, long central nose, small open mouth with notched lip or tooth detail, and dotted perforations or incised marks across the forehead and cheeks. The restrained pale face and dotted markings relate to Lega and related eastern Congolese mask traditions. Its quiet geometry gives the face a contemplative character.", "Geographic location": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, eastern Congo region", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2022-14", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Lega or related eastern Congo peoples, attribution tentative", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Possibly Lega; not confirmed", "place_of_creation": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, eastern Congo region, uncertain", "place_of_use": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, eastern Congo region, uncertain", "materials": "Carved wood, pale pigment or kaolin, pigment or patina", "technique": "Carved, pierced or dotted, pigment-applied, and patinated", "object_type": "Face mask / Lega-style mask", "function_use": "Possibly associated with initiation, rank, or instructional display; exact use is not documented.", "attribution_confidence": "Low to moderate: visual comparison suggests Lega-style mask, but attribution is unconfirmed.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: avoid assigning a specific Bwami role, grade, or owner lineage without documentation.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll163" }, { "Title": "Lega-Style Small Face Mask with Raffia Fringe", "preferred_term": "Lega-Style Small Face Mask with Raffia Fringe", "legacy_title": "Small Face Mask with Raffia Surround; New record from unmatched image 164.png", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This small carved wooden face mask has a pale facial surface, dark central nose, narrow eyes, red linear markings, small mouth, and surrounding raffia or plant-fiber fringe. The form and fiber surround relate to Lega lukwakongo and related Bwami-associated masks. Its compact face is enlivened by the contrast of pigment and fiber.", "Geographic location": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, eastern Congo region", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2022-15", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Lega peoples, Democratic Republic of the Congo, attribution tentative", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Possibly Lega; not confirmed", "place_of_creation": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, eastern Congo region, uncertain", "place_of_use": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, eastern Congo region, uncertain", "materials": "Carved wood, pale and red pigment, raffia or plant fiber, patina", "technique": "Carved, painted or pigment-applied, fiber-attached, and patinated", "object_type": "Small face mask / Lega-style maskette", "function_use": "Possibly associated with Bwami initiation, rank display, or instructional contexts; exact use is not documented.", "attribution_confidence": "Low to moderate: visual features align with Lega-style comparanda, but provenance is unavailable.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: avoid assigning exact Bwami grade or ceremonial role without documentation.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll164" }, { "Title": "Mangbetu-Style Trumbash Sickle Knife", "preferred_term": "Mangbetu-Style Trumbash Sickle Knife", "legacy_title": "Ceremonial Axe or Adze; New record from unmatched image 165.png", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This curved iron sickle knife or ceremonial blade has a dark forged blade, pierced openings near the blade base, and a carved wooden handle. The crescent-like blade and handle form relate to Mangbetu trumbash or trombash prestige knives from northeastern Democratic Republic of the Congo. The object combines metalwork and carving in a dramatic ceremonial silhouette.", "Geographic location": "Northeastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, Central Africa", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2022-16", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Mangbetu or related northeastern Congo peoples, attribution tentative", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Possibly Mangbetu; not confirmed", "place_of_creation": "Northeastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, Central Africa, uncertain", "place_of_use": "Northeastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, Central Africa, uncertain", "materials": "Iron or metal blade, carved wood handle, pigment or patina", "technique": "Forged or shaped metal, pierced blade, carved handle, patinated", "object_type": "Sickle knife / trumbash-style prestige or ceremonial knife", "function_use": "Possibly a prestige, ceremonial, status, dance, or weapon-related object; exact use for this object is not documented.", "attribution_confidence": "Moderate for trumbash-style sickle knife identification; low to moderate for specific Mangbetu attribution.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: avoid assigning military rank, ritual dance use, or currency function without object-specific documentation or provenance.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll165" }, { "Title": "Zoomorphic Carved Staff or Handle", "preferred_term": "Zoomorphic Carved Staff or Handle", "legacy_title": "Zoomorphic Staff or Scepter; New record from unmatched image 166.png", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This long slender carved wooden object has an animal- or reptile-like body, pointed head, and tapering form. It may have served as a staff, handle, scepter, prestige object, or decorative zoomorphic carving. Its elongated animal form relates broadly to West and Central African traditions in which zoomorphic imagery marks power, movement, or identity.", "Geographic location": "West or Central Africa", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2022-17", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Unidentified West or Central African peoples", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Unidentified", "place_of_creation": "West or Central Africa, exact place unknown", "place_of_use": "West or Central Africa, exact place unknown", "materials": "Carved wood, pigment or patina", "technique": "Carved and patinated", "object_type": "Zoomorphic staff, handle, or prestige object", "function_use": "Unknown; possibly a staff, handle, scepter, prestige object, or decorative carving.", "attribution_confidence": "Low: West/Central African attribution is broad and visual; exact affiliation and function are uncertain.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: attribution remains broad and image-based; avoid assigning a specific people, country, or ceremonial/spiritual function without object-specific documentation or provenance.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll166" }, { "Title": "Lega-Style Oval Face Mask", "preferred_term": "Lega-Style Oval Face Mask", "legacy_title": "Oval Face Mask; New record from unmatched image 167.png", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This carved wooden oval mask has a pale worn surface, long central ridge or nose, small slit eyes, incised hairline or brow band, small mouth, and dark border. The restrained abstract features relate to Lega and related eastern Congolese mask traditions. Its weathered surface and reduced face create a quiet, meditative presence.", "Geographic location": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, eastern Congo region", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2022-18", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Lega or related eastern Congo peoples, attribution tentative", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Possibly Lega; not confirmed", "place_of_creation": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, eastern Congo region, uncertain", "place_of_use": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, eastern Congo region, uncertain", "materials": "Carved wood, pale pigment or patina", "technique": "Carved, pigment-applied, incised, and patinated", "object_type": "Face mask / Lega-style mask", "function_use": "Possibly associated with initiation, rank, or instructional display in Lega-related contexts; exact use is not documented.", "attribution_confidence": "Low to moderate: visual comparison supports Lega-style attribution but provenance is absent.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: avoid assigning Bwami grade, owner lineage, or specific teaching role without documentation.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll167" }, { "Title": "Dan-We or Kran-Style Horned Face Mask with Raffia", "preferred_term": "Dan-We or Kran-Style Horned Face Mask with Raffia", "legacy_title": "Horned Face Mask with Raffia; New record from unmatched image 168.png", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This carved wooden face mask has a long narrow nose, half-closed slit eyes, projecting mouth, forked horn-like projections, dark patina, and attached raffia or plant fiber. The form relates to West African forest-region masks associated with Dan, We/Guere, Kran, and related groups. The projecting elements give the mask a dramatic, animated profile.", "Geographic location": "Liberia or Côte d’Ivoire, West Africa", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2022-19", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Dan-We, Kran, or related West African forest-region peoples, attribution tentative", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Possibly Dan, We/Guere, or Kran; not confirmed", "place_of_creation": "Liberia or Cote d Ivoire, West Africa, uncertain", "place_of_use": "Liberia or Cote d Ivoire, West Africa, uncertain", "materials": "Carved wood, raffia or plant fiber, pigment or patina", "technique": "Carved, pierced, fiber-attached, and patinated", "object_type": "Horned face mask / masquerade mask", "function_use": "Probably associated with masquerade or performance; exact mask name, wearer, and social role are not documented.", "attribution_confidence": "Low to moderate: regional comparison is plausible, but exact group and function are uncertain.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: west African masking traditions may involve named spirit-personae and restricted knowledge; avoid specific role assignments without documentation.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll168" }, { "Title": "Face Mask with Studded Forehead", "preferred_term": "Face Mask with Studded Forehead", "legacy_title": "Face Mask with Studded Forehead; New record from unmatched image 169.png", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This carved wooden face mask has an oval face, long central nose, small slit eyes, open mouth with visible teeth, red and dark facial pigment, and a forehead covered with rows of applied studs or tacks. The studded surface adds texture and visual intensity. The mask relates broadly to Central or West-Central African masquerade traditions.", "Geographic location": "Central or West-Central Africa", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2022-20", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Central or West-Central African peoples, attribution uncertain", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Unidentified", "place_of_creation": "Central or West-Central Africa, exact place unknown", "place_of_use": "Central or West-Central Africa, exact place unknown", "materials": "Carved wood, pigment or paint, applied studs or tacks, patina", "technique": "Carved, painted, stud-applied, pierced, and patinated", "object_type": "Face mask / masquerade mask", "function_use": "Probably associated with masquerade or performance; exact character and context are not documented.", "attribution_confidence": "Low: mask form and materials are visible, but cultural attribution remains uncertain.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: avoid assigning a specific society, spirit, or performance role without documentation.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll169" }, { "Title": "Luba- or Central African-Style Headrest or Carved Support", "preferred_term": "Luba- or Central African-Style Headrest or Carved Support", "legacy_title": "Carved Panel or Headrest with Faces; New record from unmatched image 170.png", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This rectangular carved wooden support has a long flat upper platform and stylized face motifs at both ends. The form suggests a headrest, neckrest, or carved support rather than a flat panel. Its structure relates broadly to Central African headrests, including Luba and Luba-related traditions, where supports could combine function, prestige, and sculpture.", "Geographic location": "Democratic Republic of the Congo or Central Africa", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2022-21", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Central African peoples, possibly Luba or Luba-related, attribution uncertain", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Possibly Luba or related group; not confirmed", "place_of_creation": "Democratic Republic of the Congo or Central Africa, uncertain", "place_of_use": "Democratic Republic of the Congo or Central Africa, uncertain", "materials": "Carved wood, pigment or patina", "technique": "Carved, incised, and patinated", "object_type": "Headrest / neckrest / carved support", "function_use": "Possibly used as a headrest or neck support to protect hairstyles and as a personal prestige object; exact use is not documented.", "attribution_confidence": "Low to moderate for headrest/support identification; low for specific culture.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: avoid assigning ownership, ancestral meaning, or a specific Luba workshop without object-specific documentation or provenance.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll170" }, { "Title": "Curved Horn or Tusk-Form Implement with Figural Head", "preferred_term": "Curved Horn or Tusk-Form Implement with Figural Head", "legacy_title": "Ritual Horn or Curved Implement with Head; New record from unmatched image 171.png", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This curved horn- or tusk-form implement has a small carved human head at one end and a long tapering body. The material may be horn, ivory, bone, or carved wood, and the form suggests a handle, prestige implement, ceremonial object, or decorative carving. The pairing of figural head and curved body creates a distinctive sculptural object.", "Geographic location": "West or Central Africa", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2022-22", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Unidentified West or Central African peoples", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Unidentified", "place_of_creation": "West or Central Africa, exact place unknown", "place_of_use": "West or Central Africa, exact place unknown", "materials": "Possibly animal horn, ivory/tusk, bone, or carved wood; pigment or patina", "technique": "Carved and patinated", "object_type": "Curved figural implement / horn- or tusk-form object", "function_use": "Unknown; possibly a handle, prestige implement, ceremonial or spiritually significant object, or decorative carving.", "attribution_confidence": "Low: broad West/Central African attribution is possible, but material, culture, and function require physical examination or provenance.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: attribution remains broad and image-based; avoid assigning a specific people, country, or ceremonial/spiritual function without object-specific documentation or provenance.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll171" }, { "Title": "Lega-Style Lukwakongo Mask with Fiber Beard", "preferred_term": "Lega-Style Lukwakongo Mask with Fiber Beard", "legacy_title": "Face Mask with Fiber Attachments; New record from unmatched image 172.png", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This carved wooden mask has an oval or heart-shaped pale face, long narrow nose, small slit eyes, small mouth, darker brow and border, and attached fiber or raffia beard. These features relate to Lega lukwakongo and Bwami-associated masks from the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The pale face and textured beard create a strong contrast of surface and material.", "Geographic location": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, eastern Congo region", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2022-23", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Lega peoples, Democratic Republic of the Congo, attribution tentative", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Possibly Lega; not confirmed", "place_of_creation": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, eastern Congo region, uncertain", "place_of_use": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, eastern Congo region, uncertain", "materials": "Carved wood, pale pigment or kaolin, raffia or plant fiber, patina", "technique": "Carved, pigment-applied, pierced or fiber-attached, and patinated", "object_type": "Lukwakongo-style face mask / Bwami-associated mask", "function_use": "Possibly associated with Lega Bwami initiation/rank display; exact grade, lineage, and performance or display context are not documented.", "attribution_confidence": "Moderate: visible form and fiber beard align with Lega lukwakongo comparanda, but provenance is unavailable.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: bwami objects can carry initiation-related meanings; avoid assigning rank, owner, or ceremonial role without documentation.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll172" }, { "Title": "Guro- or Yaure-Style Crested Mask", "preferred_term": "Guro- or Yaure-Style Crested Mask", "legacy_title": "Crested Face Mask; New record from unmatched image 173.png", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This carved and painted wooden mask, shown in profile, has a projecting mouth, strong nose, dark face, and tall abstract crest painted in red, pale, and dark tones. The dramatic crest and polychrome surface relate to Guro and Yaure-related mask traditions of Cote d'Ivoire. Its profile emphasizes movement, height, and theatrical presence.", "Geographic location": "Côte d’Ivoire, West Africa", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2022-24", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Guro, Yaure, or related Cote d Ivoire peoples, attribution tentative", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Possibly Guro or Yaure; not confirmed", "place_of_creation": "Cote d Ivoire, West Africa, uncertain", "place_of_use": "Cote d Ivoire, West Africa, uncertain", "materials": "Carved wood, pigment or paint, patina", "technique": "Carved, painted, and patinated", "object_type": "Crested face mask / masquerade mask", "function_use": "Probably associated with masquerade or performance; exact mask name, character, and ceremony are not documented.", "attribution_confidence": "Low to moderate: crest and painted form suggest Cote d Ivoire Guro/Yaure comparison, but exact attribution is uncertain.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: avoid assigning a specific masquerade name, spirit, or society without object-specific documentation or provenance.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll173" }, { "Title": "Seated Mother-and-Child Figure", "preferred_term": "Seated Mother-and-Child Figure", "legacy_title": "Seated Maternity Figure; New record from unmatched image 174.png", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This seated female figure holds or nurses a small child at the front of the torso. The figure has a rounded head with cap-like coiffure or head covering, incised hairline, calm features, bent arms, seated pose, and circular base. The mother-and-child subject emphasizes nurture, continuity, and family or lineage connection.", "Geographic location": "Central Africa", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2022-25", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Central African peoples, possibly Chokwe or related region, attribution uncertain", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Unidentified; possibly Chokwe or neighboring Central African group", "place_of_creation": "Central Africa, exact place unknown", "place_of_use": "Central Africa, exact place unknown", "materials": "Carved wood, pigment or patina", "technique": "Carved, incised, and patinated", "object_type": "Mother-and-child figure / maternity figure", "function_use": "Possibly associated with maternity, lineage continuity, fertility-related meaning, ancestry, or display; exact function is not documented.", "attribution_confidence": "Moderate for mother-and-child figure identification; low for specific cultural attribution and function.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: mother-and-child imagery has varied meanings across African communities; avoid assigning a specific fertility, ancestor, or ceremonial/spiritual function without object-specific documentation or provenance.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll174" }, { "Title": "Namji-Style Fertility Doll with Beaded Face", "preferred_term": "Namji-Style Fertility Doll with Beaded Face", "legacy_title": "Standing Female Figure with Beads; New record from unmatched image 175.png", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This carved wooden standing doll-like figure has a large rounded head, a bead row running vertically down the face, raised eyes, triangular light-colored mouth element, elongated torso, arms held close to the body, bent legs, and worn dark patina. The geometric form and bead or metal embellishment relate to Namji, Namchi, or Dowayo fertility dolls from northern Cameroon. Its compact body and ornamented face create a striking personal object.", "Geographic location": "Northern Cameroon", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2022-26", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Namji/Namchi or Dowayo peoples, northern Cameroon, attribution tentative", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Possibly Namji, Namchi, or Dowayo; not confirmed", "place_of_creation": "Northern Cameroon, uncertain", "place_of_use": "Northern Cameroon, uncertain", "materials": "Carved wood, glass or trade beads, possible metal or shell mouth element, pigment or patina", "technique": "Carved, bead-applied, inlaid or applied detail, and patinated", "object_type": "Fertility doll / decorated figural doll", "function_use": "Possibly associated with fertility, protection, bridehood, child play, or preparation for motherhood in Namji/Namchi/Dowayo traditions; exact use for this object is not documented.", "attribution_confidence": "Moderate: visual form and bead embellishment closely match Namji/Namchi/Dowayo doll comparanda, but provenance is not available.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: avoid asserting a specific fertility rite, charm function, owner, or ceremonial use without documentation.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll175" }, { "Title": "Decorated Calabash Vessel with Coiled Lid", "preferred_term": "Decorated Calabash Vessel with Coiled Lid", "legacy_title": "Decorated Gourd or Vessel; New record from unmatched image 176.png", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This large calabash or gourd vessel has a rounded lower body, narrow neck, darkened surface, incised shoulder bands, applied light-colored shell or cutout ornaments, and a fitted coiled fiber lid with blue and natural concentric bands. The vessel was likely used or displayed as a container. Its decorated surface and fitted lid give it a refined domestic or ceremonial presence.", "Geographic location": "Africa, East Africa", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2022-27", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Unidentified African peoples, possibly East African, attribution uncertain", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Unidentified; possible East African gourd-container tradition", "place_of_creation": "Africa, possibly East Africa, exact place unknown", "place_of_use": "Africa, possibly East Africa, exact place unknown", "materials": "Calabash or gourd, coiled plant fiber, pigment or patina, applied shell or light-colored ornaments, possible cord", "technique": "Dried and hollowed gourd, incised, darkened or patinated, applied ornament, coiled fiber lid", "object_type": "Decorated calabash vessel / gourd container", "function_use": "Probably used as a container for liquid, food, valuables, or display; exact contents and context are not documented.", "attribution_confidence": "Moderate for calabash/gourd vessel identification; low for region, community, and use.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: avoid assigning a specific ethnic group, ritual, medicinal, or ceremonial use without object-specific documentation or provenance or object-specific documentation.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll176" }, { "Title": "Kifwebe-Style Face Mask", "preferred_term": "Kifwebe-Style Face Mask", "legacy_title": "Pale Face Mask; New record from unmatched image 177.png", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This carved wooden face mask has pale pigment, an elongated oval face, long central nose or crest, narrow slit eyes, projecting rectangular mouth, and small projecting ears. The features relate to kifwebe masks associated with Songye and Luba peoples of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The pale face and projecting forms create a forceful geometric expression.", "Geographic location": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, Central Africa", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2022-28", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Songye or Luba peoples, Democratic Republic of the Congo, attribution tentative", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Possibly Songye or Luba; not confirmed", "place_of_creation": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, Central Africa, uncertain", "place_of_use": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, Central Africa, uncertain", "materials": "Carved wood, pale pigment or paint, patina", "technique": "Carved, pierced, painted or pigment-applied, and patinated", "object_type": "Face mask / Kifwebe-style masquerade mask", "function_use": "Probably associated with masquerade or performance traditions; exact gendered category, rank, and ceremonial/spiritual context are not documented.", "attribution_confidence": "Moderate for Kifwebe-style identification; low to moderate for specific Songye or Luba attribution and function.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: kifwebe masks can have specific social, gendered, and ceremonial or spiritual roles; avoid assigning a precise name, rank, or ceremonial function without documentation.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll177" }, { "Title": "Namji-Style Fertility Doll with Bead Ornaments", "preferred_term": "Namji-Style Fertility Doll with Bead Ornaments", "legacy_title": "Standing Power Figure with Abdominal Charge; New record from unmatched image 178.png", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This carved wooden standing doll-like figure has an elongated geometric body, rounded head, ridged central coiffure or head form, small arms at the sides, projecting navel or abdominal element, and bead ornaments at the ears and neck. The form and embellishment relate strongly to Namji, Namchi, or Dowayo fertility dolls from northern Cameroon. Its ornamented body suggests personal significance and protective presence.", "Geographic location": "Northern Cameroon", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2022-29", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Namji/Namchi or Dowayo peoples, northern Cameroon, attribution tentative", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Possibly Namji, Namchi, or Dowayo; not confirmed", "place_of_creation": "Northern Cameroon, uncertain", "place_of_use": "Northern Cameroon, uncertain", "materials": "Carved wood, glass or trade beads, pigment or patina, possible fiber or cord", "technique": "Carved, pierced or ornamented, bead-strung, and patinated", "object_type": "Fertility doll / decorated figural doll", "function_use": "Possibly associated with fertility, protection, bridehood, or potential motherhood, as in Namji/Namchi/Dowayo doll traditions; exact use for this object is not documented.", "attribution_confidence": "Moderate: visual form and bead ornamentation closely match Namji/Namchi/Dowayo fertility doll comparanda, but provenance is not available.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: avoid treating the figure as a generic power figure or asserting a specific fertility rite, owner, or charm function without documentation.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll178" }, { "Title": "Seated Colon Figure with Brimmed Hat", "preferred_term": "Seated Colon Figure with Brimmed Hat", "legacy_title": "Seated Figure with Hat; New record from unmatched image 179.png", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This carved and painted seated male figure wears a brimmed hat and has simplified facial features, projecting ears, pale painted clothing or body surface, and legs integrated into a chair-like base. The object belongs to the broad African colon-figure genre, which often depicts colonial officials, Europeanized Africans, or contemporary social types in painted wood. Its seated posture and clothing mark it as a social portrait type.", "Geographic location": "West Africa, Côte d’Ivoire", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2022-30", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "West African peoples, possibly Baule or related Cote d Ivoire workshop, attribution uncertain", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Possibly Baule or related West African workshop; not confirmed", "place_of_creation": "West Africa, possibly Cote d Ivoire, uncertain", "place_of_use": "West Africa, possibly Cote d Ivoire, uncertain", "materials": "Carved wood, paint or pigment, patina", "technique": "Carved, painted, and patinated", "object_type": "Colon figure / seated genre figure", "function_use": "Probably made as a colonial-era or postcolonial genre figure, souvenir, prestige/display object, or social commentary; exact use and intended subject are not documented.", "attribution_confidence": "Moderate for colon-figure genre identification; low for specific culture, workshop, subject, and date.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: colon figures can reflect colonial encounters, satire, adaptation, or market production; avoid assuming the figure represents a specific official, ethnicity, or political meaning without documentation.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll179" }, { "Title": "Baule-Style Standing Female Figure", "preferred_term": "Baule-Style Standing Female Figure", "legacy_title": "Standing Female Figure with Crested Coiffure; New record from unmatched image 180.png", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This carved wooden standing female figure has an elongated body, long arms held close to the sides, downcast eyes, small mouth, high crested coiffure, facial scarification, small breasts, and worn dark patina. These features relate closely to Baule female figures and spirit-spouse figures from Cote d'Ivoire. The figure's elegant vertical form conveys composure and idealized beauty.", "Geographic location": "Côte d’Ivoire, West Africa", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2022-31", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Baule peoples, Cote d Ivoire, attribution tentative", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Possibly Baule; not confirmed", "place_of_creation": "Cote d Ivoire, West Africa, uncertain", "place_of_use": "Cote d Ivoire, West Africa, uncertain", "materials": "Carved wood, pigment or patina", "technique": "Carved, incised, and patinated", "object_type": "Standing female figure / Baule-style figural sculpture", "function_use": "Possibly a spirit-spouse figure, personal figure, or prestige/display sculpture; exact function is not documented.", "attribution_confidence": "Moderate: visual features strongly align with Baule-style female figure comparanda, but provenance and function are not documented.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: avoid identifying the figure definitively as blolo bla, ancestor, shrine figure, or portrait without object-specific documentation or provenance or collection documentation.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll180" }, { "Title": "Seated Female Figure with Abdominal Cavity", "preferred_term": "Seated Female Figure with Abdominal Cavity", "legacy_title": "Small Seated Power Figure; New record from unmatched image 181.png", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This small seated female figure has a rounded head, raised eyes, open mouth, breasts, hands at the abdomen, bent legs, and a circular cavity or missing inset at the belly. The abdominal cavity relates to Central African figures that held inserted materials, including Kongo or Teke-related power-object traditions. The figure's pose centers attention on the body as a place of meaning.", "Geographic location": "Central Africa", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2022-32", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Central African peoples, possibly Kongo or Teke-related, attribution uncertain", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Kongo, Teke, or related peoples, possible", "place_of_creation": "Central Africa, possibly Democratic Republic of the Congo or Republic of the Congo", "place_of_use": "Central Africa, possibly Democratic Republic of the Congo or Republic of the Congo", "materials": "Carved wood, pigment or patina, possible missing inserted material", "technique": "Carved, drilled or hollowed, and patinated", "object_type": "Seated female figure / figural sculpture", "function_use": "Unknown; possibly associated with protection, fertility, healing, personal devotion, or display, but no function is documented for this object.", "attribution_confidence": "Low to moderate for broad Central African/power-object comparison; low for specific Kongo/Teke attribution and function.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: potentially culturally or spiritually sensitive object because of abdominal element/cavity; avoid identifying contents or ceremonial/spiritual use beyond visible evidence and documented comparanda.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll181" }, { "Title": "Standing Figure with Diagonal Sash or Wrapped Torso", "preferred_term": "Standing Figure with Diagonal Sash or Wrapped Torso", "legacy_title": "Standing Wrapped Figure; New record from unmatched image 182.png", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This carved wooden standing figure has an elongated neck, rounded head, dark glossy face, pale highlighted facial features, small ears, and a rectangular upper body crossed by a raised diagonal sash or wrap. The lower body tapers into a long support or skirt-like form. The object relates broadly to Central or West-Central African figural sculpture.", "Geographic location": "Central or West-Central Africa", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2022-33", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Unidentified Central or West-Central African peoples", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Unidentified", "place_of_creation": "Central or West-Central Africa, exact place unknown", "place_of_use": "Central or West-Central Africa, exact place unknown", "materials": "Carved wood, pigment or patina", "technique": "Carved, painted or pigment-highlighted, and patinated", "object_type": "Standing figure / figural sculpture", "function_use": "Unknown; possibly personal, commemorative, ceremonial, prestige, or decorative, but function is not documented.", "attribution_confidence": "Low: Central/West-Central regional attribution is a cautious visual comparison; no secure cultural or functional attribution from available evidence.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: attribution remains broad and image-based; avoid assigning a specific people, country, or ceremonial/spiritual function without object-specific documentation or provenance.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll182" }, { "Title": "Pair of Kuba-Style Figural Palm-Wine Cups", "preferred_term": "Pair of Kuba-Style Figural Palm-Wine Cups", "legacy_title": "Pair of Carved Cups or Containers; New record from unmatched image 183.png", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This pair of carved wooden cups has deep rounded bowls, pedestal bases, worn polished interiors, and projecting human-head or figural handles. The form relates to Kuba and Kuba-influenced palm-wine or prestige cups from the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The figural handles transform the vessels into objects of status and display.", "Geographic location": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kasai region", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2022-34", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Kuba or Kuba-influenced Central African peoples, attribution tentative", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Possibly Kuba; not confirmed", "place_of_creation": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, possibly Kasai region, uncertain", "place_of_use": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, possibly Kuba communities, uncertain", "materials": "Carved wood, pigment or patina", "technique": "Carved, hollowed, incised, and patinated", "object_type": "Pair of figural palm-wine cups / prestige cups", "function_use": "Probably used or displayed as palm-wine drinking vessels, hospitality objects, or prestige/status cups; exact use for this pair is not documented.", "attribution_confidence": "Moderate for palm-wine/prestige cup identification; low to moderate for Kuba attribution. Form aligns with Kuba-style comparanda, but provenance is not available.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: avoid assigning titleholder ownership, court use, ritual drinking context, or a specific Kuba subgroup without documentation.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll183" }, { "Title": "Fish-Form Carved Wooden Object", "preferred_term": "Fish-Form Carved Wooden Object", "legacy_title": "Fish- or Blade-Shaped Carved Object; New record from unmatched image 184.png", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This elongated carved wooden object takes the form of a fish or aquatic animal, with a tapered tail or blade-like extension, rounded head, small inlaid or painted eye, and worn brown surface. Fish-form carving and aquatic imagery appear in multiple West and Central African traditions. The streamlined body gives the object a sense of movement.", "Geographic location": "West or Central Africa", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2022-35", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Unidentified West or Central African peoples", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Unidentified", "place_of_creation": "West or Central Africa, exact place unknown", "place_of_use": "West or Central Africa, exact place unknown", "materials": "Carved wood, pigment or patina, possible inlay at eye", "technique": "Carved, smoothed, and patinated; possible inlay or applied detail", "object_type": "Fish-form carved object", "function_use": "Unknown; possibly decorative, symbolic, tool-related, or performance-related, but function is not documented.", "attribution_confidence": "Low: object type is based on visual description only; broad West/Central African attribution is tentative and function is not confirmed.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: attribution remains broad and image-based; avoid assigning a specific people, country, or ceremonial/spiritual function without object-specific documentation or provenance.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll184" }, { "Title": "Chokwe-Style Mother-and-Child Figure", "preferred_term": "Chokwe-Style Mother-and-Child Figure", "legacy_title": "Standing Power Figure with Child; New record from unmatched image 185.png", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This carved wooden standing female figure holds a small child against the torso. The figure has a tall crest-like coiffure, arched brows, heavy-lidded eyes, facial scarification, ringed neck, broad feet, and a dark worn patina. The mother-and-child subject and style relate to Chokwe and related Central African maternity figures, emphasizing continuity and care.", "Geographic location": "Angola or Democratic Republic of the Congo, Central Africa", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2022-36", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Chokwe or related Central African peoples, attribution tentative", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Possibly Chokwe; not confirmed", "place_of_creation": "Angola or Democratic Republic of the Congo, Central Africa, uncertain", "place_of_use": "Angola or Democratic Republic of the Congo, Central Africa, uncertain", "materials": "Carved wood, pigment or patina", "technique": "Carved, incised, and patinated", "object_type": "Mother-and-child figure / maternity figure", "function_use": "Possibly associated with ideals of maternity, lineage continuity, fertility, ancestry, or prestige; exact use is not documented for this object.", "attribution_confidence": "Moderate for mother-and-child figure identification; low to moderate for Chokwe-style attribution. Visual features fit Central African maternity figure comparanda, but provenance is not available.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: avoid assigning a specific ritual, fertility, ancestor, or power-function interpretation without documentation; mother-and-child imagery has varied meanings across Central African communities.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll185" }, { "Title": "Dan-Style Face Mask with Fiber Coiffure", "preferred_term": "Dan-Style Face Mask with Fiber Coiffure", "legacy_title": "Mask with Large Round Eyes; New record from unmatched image 186.png", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This carved wooden oval mask has a high smooth forehead, large circular eye openings, arched brow ridge, long nose, slightly open protruding mouth, and braided or twisted fiber coiffure along the top and sides. The form relates most closely to Dan-style masks from Liberia and Cote d'Ivoire. Its polished face and fiber coiffure create a vivid contrast of materials.", "Geographic location": "Liberia or Côte d’Ivoire, West Africa", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2022-37", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Dan-style, Liberia or Cote d Ivoire, attribution tentative", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Possibly Dan; not confirmed", "place_of_creation": "Liberia or Cote d Ivoire, West Africa, uncertain", "place_of_use": "Liberia or Cote d Ivoire, West Africa, uncertain", "materials": "Carved wood, plant fiber, pigment or patina", "technique": "Carved, pierced, patinated, and fiber-attached", "object_type": "Face mask / masquerade mask", "function_use": "Probably associated with masquerade or performance; exact name, role, costume, and social function are not documented.", "attribution_confidence": "Moderate: visual form and fiber coiffure are consistent with Dan-style mask comparanda, but exact attribution and function are unconfirmed.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: dan and neighboring masking traditions can involve named spirit-personae, restricted knowledge, and performance-specific identities; avoid assigning a precise mask name or role without documentation.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll186" }, { "Title": "Pende-Style Mbuya Cap Mask", "preferred_term": "Pende-Style Mbuya Cap Mask", "legacy_title": "Face Mask with Cap-Like Coiffure; New record from unmatched image 187.png", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This carved wooden face mask has a broad rounded forehead, heavy downcast eyelids, long nose, open mouth, projecting ears, pointed chin, and cap-like coiffure with incised crosshatch and horizontal bands. The features relate closely to Pende mbuya and cap-mask traditions from the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Its dramatic face combines refinement with expressive force.", "Geographic location": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kwango or Kwilu region", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2022-38", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Pende peoples, Democratic Republic of the Congo, attribution tentative", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Pende, not confirmed", "place_of_creation": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, possibly Kwango or Kwilu region, uncertain", "place_of_use": "Democratic Republic of the Congo, possibly Pende communities, uncertain", "materials": "Carved wood, pigment or patina", "technique": "Carved, incised, pierced, and patinated", "object_type": "Face mask / mbuya-style cap mask", "function_use": "Probably associated with masquerade or performance traditions; exact genre, role, and performance context are not documented for this object.", "attribution_confidence": "Moderate: visual features are consistent with Pende mbuya/cap-mask comparanda, but the attribution is not confirmed by provenance.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: pende masking traditions may involve community-specific performance roles and restricted knowledge; avoid assigning a precise mask name, character, ceremony, or wearer without documentation.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll187" }, { "Title": "Figural Slingshot Handle with Twin Figures", "preferred_term": "Figural Slingshot Handle with Twin Figures", "legacy_title": "Double Figural Forked Object; New record from unmatched image 188.png", "Date": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Coverage (time period)": "Late 19th–early 20th century", "Description": "This carved wooden slingshot or catapult handle has a fork formed by two elongated human figures standing back-to-back or side by side on a shared handle. The object has a worn surface, simplified limbs, prominent ears, and crest-like head forms. As a West African figural slingshot, it transforms a handheld implement into a sculptural image of paired bodies.", "Geographic location": "West Africa, Côte d’Ivoire or Burkina Faso", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2022-39", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "West African peoples, possibly Baule or Lobi-region, attribution uncertain", "people_ethnolinguistic_group": "Possibly Baule or Lobi; not confirmed", "place_of_creation": "West Africa, possibly Cote d Ivoire or Burkina Faso, uncertain", "place_of_use": "West Africa, possibly Cote d Ivoire or Burkina Faso, uncertain", "materials": "Carved wood, pigment or patina", "technique": "Carved, smoothed, and patinated", "object_type": "Figural slingshot / catapult handle", "function_use": "Probably a handheld slingshot used for small-game or bird hunting and/or as a display of carving skill; talismanic or prestige associations are possible for some West African figural slingshots but are not documented for this object.", "attribution_confidence": "Moderate for object type; low for specific culture or country. Forked handle and figural prongs closely match West African carved slingshot comparanda, but provenance is not available.", "cultural_sensitivity_note": "Interpretive caution: avoid assigning a specific maker, ethnic group, ceremonial/spiritual role, or protective-spirit function without documentation. If used in hunting or talismanic contexts, associated meanings may vary by community and owner.", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll188" }, { "Title": "Seated figure support", "preferred_term": "Seated figure", "Description": "This carved Luba object presents a seated figure above a circular support. The elongated head, composed posture, and compact arrangement emphasize balance and concentrated presence while fuller research into the object’s original function and context continues.", "Subject": "teaching collection; object-based learning; collection study; cataloging", "Geographic location": "Democratic Republic of the Congo", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2023-01", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Notes": "Initial public-facing scaffold record created for JA-2023-01. Object-specific title, materials, and historical context should be refined after direct object study and catalog review.", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Luba", "place_of_creation": "Democratic Republic of the Congo", "materials": "Carved wood", "technique": "Carving", "object_type": "Figure", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll189" }, { "Title": "Standing female figure", "preferred_term": "Standing figure", "Description": "This carved Rega figure is defined by an elongated torso, rounded lower forms, and a pale facial surface that draws attention to the head. Its strong vertical emphasis and abbreviated anatomy suggest a figural work made for display, teaching, or ceremonial use, with fuller research still underway.", "Subject": "teaching collection; object-based learning; collection study; cataloging", "Geographic location": "Democratic Republic of the Congo", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2023-02", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Notes": "Initial public-facing scaffold record created for JA-2023-02. Object-specific title, materials, and historical context should be refined after direct object study and catalog review.", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Rega", "place_of_creation": "Democratic Republic of the Congo", "materials": "Carved wood; pigment", "technique": "Carving; surface application", "object_type": "Figure", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll190" }, { "Title": "Oval mask", "preferred_term": "Mask", "Description": "This Rega mask has an elongated oval face, narrow eyes, and a restrained expression. Its simplified geometry and balanced proportions suggest an object intended for performance, while more precise cataloging of its role, history, and community use continues.", "Subject": "teaching collection; object-based learning; collection study; cataloging", "Geographic location": "Democratic Republic of the Congo", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2023-03", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Notes": "Initial public-facing scaffold record created for JA-2023-03. Object-specific title, materials, and historical context should be refined after direct object study and catalog review.", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Rega", "place_of_creation": "Democratic Republic of the Congo", "materials": "Carved wood", "technique": "Carving", "object_type": "Mask", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll191" }, { "Title": "Elongated mask", "preferred_term": "Mask", "Description": "This mask from the Democratic Republic of the Congo features a long tapering face, circular eye openings, and an extended lower section. Its emphatic vertical structure suggests ceremonial or performative use, pending fuller catalog research.", "Subject": "teaching collection; object-based learning; collection study; cataloging", "Geographic location": "Democratic Republic of the Congo", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2023-04", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Notes": "Initial public-facing scaffold record created for JA-2023-04. Specific culture or community, object title, and fuller contextual notes should be refined after additional catalog review.", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "place_of_creation": "Democratic Republic of the Congo", "materials": "Carved wood; pigment", "technique": "Carving; surface application", "object_type": "Mask", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll192" }, { "Title": "Cylindrical mask", "preferred_term": "Mask", "Description": "This mask from the Democratic Republic of the Congo has a pale surface, cylindrical volume, and spare facial features that produce a striking frontal presence. Fuller research will clarify its community context, materials, and original use.", "Subject": "teaching collection; object-based learning; collection study; cataloging", "Geographic location": "Democratic Republic of the Congo", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2023-05", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Notes": "Initial public-facing scaffold record created for JA-2023-05. Specific culture or community, object title, and fuller contextual notes should be refined after additional catalog review.", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "place_of_creation": "Democratic Republic of the Congo", "materials": "Carved wood; pigment", "technique": "Carving; surface application", "object_type": "Mask", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll193" }, { "Title": "Standing figure", "preferred_term": "Standing figure", "Description": "This standing figure from the Democratic Republic of the Congo is marked by a compact body, simplified limbs, and a sharply faceted head. Its abbreviated carving focuses attention on silhouette and presence while further cataloging continues.", "Subject": "teaching collection; object-based learning; collection study; cataloging", "Geographic location": "Democratic Republic of the Congo", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2023-06", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Notes": "Initial public-facing scaffold record created for JA-2023-06. Specific culture or community, object title, and fuller contextual notes should be refined after additional catalog review.", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "place_of_creation": "Democratic Republic of the Congo", "materials": "Carved wood", "technique": "Carving", "object_type": "Figure", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll194" }, { "Title": "Standing figure holding vessel", "preferred_term": "Standing figure", "Description": "This carved Songye figure holds a rounded form at the center of the body and is distinguished by a vertically structured head and compact stance. The relationship between figure and held element suggests an object made for ritual, commemorative, or instructional significance, with fuller documentation still in progress.", "Subject": "teaching collection; object-based learning; collection study; cataloging", "Geographic location": "Democratic Republic of the Congo", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2023-07", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Notes": "Initial public-facing scaffold record created for JA-2023-07. Object-specific title, materials, and historical context should be refined after direct object study and catalog review.", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Songye", "place_of_creation": "Democratic Republic of the Congo", "materials": "Carved wood", "technique": "Carving", "object_type": "Figure", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll195" }, { "Title": "Lamellophone with female figure", "preferred_term": "Lamellophone", "Description": "This Luba musical instrument combines a plank-like body and metal tongues with a female figure carved at the top. The integration of figural and sonic elements points to the close relationship between performance, memory, and visual form within the object’s original context.", "Subject": "teaching collection; object-based learning; collection study; cataloging", "Geographic location": "Democratic Republic of the Congo", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2023-08", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Notes": "Initial public-facing scaffold record created for JA-2023-08. Object-specific title, materials, and historical context should be refined after direct object study and catalog review.", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Luba", "place_of_creation": "Democratic Republic of the Congo", "materials": "Wood; metal", "technique": "Carving; assembly", "object_type": "Musical instrument", "function_use": "Musical performance", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll196" }, { "Title": "Anthropomorphic spoon", "preferred_term": "Anthropomorphic spoon", "Description": "This Azande object takes the form of a spoon with an elongated handle that resolves into a human-like head and upper body. The contrast between utilitarian form and figural carving gives the object a strong sculptural identity while fuller research into its original use continues.", "Subject": "teaching collection; object-based learning; collection study; cataloging", "Geographic location": "Democratic Republic of the Congo", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2023-09", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Notes": "Initial public-facing scaffold record created for JA-2023-09. Object-specific title, materials, and historical context should be refined after direct object study and catalog review.", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Azande", "place_of_creation": "Democratic Republic of the Congo", "materials": "Carved wood; shell", "technique": "Carving; inlay", "object_type": "Spoon", "function_use": "Serving or display", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll197" }, { "Title": "Anthropomorphic spoon", "preferred_term": "Anthropomorphic spoon", "Description": "This Tabwa object combines a spoon-like bowl with an elongated handle and a carved head at the top. Its refined proportions and figural detail suggest that practical and symbolic functions may have overlapped, pending fuller catalog research and direct object review.", "Subject": "teaching collection; object-based learning; collection study; cataloging", "Geographic location": "Democratic Republic of the Congo", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2023-10", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Notes": "Initial public-facing scaffold record created for JA-2023-10. Object-specific title, materials, and historical context should be refined after direct object study and catalog review.", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Tabwa", "place_of_creation": "Democratic Republic of the Congo", "materials": "Carved wood", "technique": "Carving", "object_type": "Spoon", "function_use": "Serving or display", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll198" }, { "Title": "Figural headrest", "preferred_term": "Headrest", "Description": "This Luba object appears to function as a headrest, with a broad upper support rising above a standing carved figure. The work joins practical structure and sculptural form, highlighting carved wood as both a functional and expressive medium.", "Subject": "teaching collection; object-based learning; collection study; cataloging", "Geographic location": "Democratic Republic of the Congo", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2023-11", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Notes": "Initial public-facing scaffold record created for JA-2023-11. Object-specific title, materials, and historical context should be refined after direct object study and catalog review.", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Luba", "place_of_creation": "Democratic Republic of the Congo", "materials": "Carved wood", "technique": "Carving", "object_type": "Headrest", "function_use": "Head support", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll199" }, { "Title": "Staff with head finial", "preferred_term": "Staff finial", "Description": "This Hemba object features a long cylindrical shaft surmounted by a carved head with an elevated crown-like element. Its vertical structure and concentrated figural carving suggest use as a staff or related emblematic object, pending fuller catalog confirmation.", "Subject": "teaching collection; object-based learning; collection study; cataloging", "Geographic location": "Democratic Republic of the Congo", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2023-12", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Notes": "Initial public-facing scaffold record created for JA-2023-12. Object-specific title, materials, and historical context should be refined after direct object study and catalog review.", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Hemba", "place_of_creation": "Democratic Republic of the Congo", "materials": "Carved wood", "technique": "Carving", "object_type": "Staff", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll200" }, { "Title": "Standing male figure", "preferred_term": "Standing figure", "Description": "This carved Bembe figure stands with bent arms and a compact body beneath a broad, geometric head. The strong silhouette and crisp facial framing give the work a commanding presence while fuller catalog research and contextual documentation continue.", "Subject": "teaching collection; object-based learning; collection study; cataloging", "Geographic location": "Democratic Republic of the Congo", "Source": "JSU permanent collection", "Identifier": "JA-2023-13", "Resource type": "Physical Object", "Publisher": "Jackson State University. (electronic version); JSUMS ART. (electronic version)", "Notes": "Initial public-facing scaffold record created for JA-2023-13. Object-specific title, materials, and historical context should be refined after direct object study and catalog review.", "Collection": "Jackson State University African Art Collection.", "culture_community": "Bembe", "place_of_creation": "Democratic Republic of the Congo", "materials": "Carved wood", "technique": "Carving", "object_type": "Figure", "Rights": "IN COPYRIGHT; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/", "Disclaimer": "All rights reserved. Reproduction or redistribution requires written permission from Jackson State University.", "reference_url": "https://jsumsart.github.io/africanart/item.html?id=coll201" } ] }